Lipid Structure and Function

Question 1

Amphipathic

Answer 1

Contains both Hydrophillic (polar head outside molecule) and Hydrophobic regions (fatty acid tail inside molecule)

Question 2

Phospholipid

Answer 2

Alcohol - Phosphate - Fatty Acid

HO - R - PO4 - R

Question 3

Glycerophospholipids

Answer 3

Polar Head - Phosphate - Glycerol - Fatty Acid

**Named according to the polar head

Question 4

Saturated Fatty Acid

Answer 4

All single bonds; more stable overall and generally solid and room temperature

Question 5

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

Answer 5

One or more double bonds; less stable and liquid at room temp.

Question 6

Sphingolipids

Answer 6

Conatin a sphingosine like backbone and a phosphodiester bond

Question 7

Glycolipid

Answer 7

Contain glycosidic linkages

Question 8

Glycosphingolipids

Answer 8

Cerebosides: Single sugar

Globosides : 2 or more sugars

Question 9

Gangliosides

Answer 9

Most complex structures with oligosaccharides and NANA

Question 10

Waxes

Answer 10

Pliable solids at room temp
Fatty Acid - Ester - Alcohol
R-(O)C- O - C - R - OH

Question 11

Terpenes

Answer 11

Build from Isoprene (C5H8) moities; Precursors to steroids and other signaling molecules

Question 12

Carotenoids

Answer 12

Tetraterpenes (8 Isoprene (C5H8) molecules like Beta Carotene

Question 13

Terpenoids

Answer 13

Derivatives of terpenes that have undergone oxygenation or rearrangement of the carbon skeleton

Question 14

Steroids

Answer 14

Contain a 17 Carbon backbone: 3 CycloHexane and 1 Cyclopentane (nonpolar)
Functionality is determined by the oxidation status of the rings and their functional gorups

Question 15

Steroid Hormones

Answer 15

Biological signals that regulate gene expression and metabolism

Question 16

Cholesterol

Answer 16

Mediates membrane fluidity - this is the major component of the phospholipid bilayer

Question 17

Prostaglandins

Answer 17

Hormones that regulate synthesis of cAMP

Has powerful effects on muscle function, temperature and sleep and wake cycles

Question 18

Fat Soluble Vitamins

Answer 18

• Vitamin A (carotene)
• Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol)
• Vitamin E (Tocotrienols)
• Vitamin K1 and K2

Question 19

Vitamin A Function

Answer 19

Vision, Growth, Development and Immune Function

Question 20

Vitamin D Function

Answer 20

Bone Production; Calcium and Phosphate uptake

Question 21

Vitamin E

Answer 21

Antioxidant prevents oxidative damage

Question 22

Vitamin K1 and K2

Answer 22

Posttranslational modifications creates Calcium binding sites and forms prothrombin (clot)

Question 23

Triacylglycerols

Answer 23

Lipids whose oxidation yields 2x he energy as carbs

Hydrophobic (less weight) and insulate (retain heat)

Question 24

Adipocytes

Answer 24

Store large amounts of fat (found under the skin)

Question 25

Free Fatty Acids

Answer 25

Unesterified with a free carboxylate group

Question 26

Saponification

Answer 26

Triacylglycerol + 3NaOH —> Glycerol + 3 Soap (Na+ -O-C(O)R)

Question 27

Surfactant

Answer 27

Lowers the surface tension at the surface of a liquid like a detergent or emulsifier

Question 28

Soap

Answer 28

Forms a colloid (when 2 phases combine into a single phase because the micelles formed allow for overall solvation)