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Chem 1004 > 7 - Dangerous Drugs > Flashcards

7 - Dangerous Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Opioids

A

Synthetic compounds many 1000’s time more potent than morphine

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2
Q

Fentanyl

A

100x more potent than morphine; covered earlier: is used legitimately in surgery and in patches for slow release of small quantities: abuse has led to many deaths

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3
Q

Carfentanyl

A

Police and other emergency responders now wear masks (Hazardous Materials)in cases where Carfentanyl is suspected)
Concern that even a speck of it in vapor could be lethal
100x as powerful as Fentanyl

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4
Q

Synthetic Cannabinoids

A

THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) is the main active ingredient in marijuana
John Huffman (Clemson University, USA)…was looking for ways to create a synthetic drug that would enhance the medicinal effects of THC while eliminating the psychotropic effects
Made more than 300 compounds:published in open literature JWH-18 named after Huffman

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5
Q

A. Focus on some Important diseases and syndromes

A
  1. Cancer: out of control cell growth. Can be confined to one organ or be systemic: will focus on blood disorders such as lymphoma and leukemia
  2. Sickle Cell Anemia
  3. Malaria
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6
Q

B. Modern Methods of Disease Detection

A

X-ray: bones and tissue
CT (Computed Tomography)scans: 3D(Circular) X-ray
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) soft tissue: detects and images water environment in organs and tissue
PET (Positron Emission Tomography)

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7
Q

The Power of PET

A

The definitive method of detecting abnormal cellular activity such as cancer
Procedure is fast (~ 2 hours) and results are available almost instantaneously
Cancerous cells grow more quickly: use more glucose! than non-cancerous ones

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8
Q

Glucose

A

Also known as blood sugar or dextrose

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9
Q

Comparison of CT and PET

A

CT Computed Tomography (Basically is circular X-ray) gives 3D images of organs and bones and can detect tumors
PET shows abnormal cell activity…hence most powerful for detecting cancerous sites

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10
Q

Cancerous sites

A

Shown in black in middle scan
Same sites shown in yellow in Right scan
Patients monitored before, during and after therapy

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11
Q

Power of PET in Alzheimer’s

A 
Alzheimer’s disease is gradual dementia 
Brain function diminishes
Amyloid plaque present in brain
No treatment at present
BUT PET promises earlier detection
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12
Q

C. Genetic Origins of Disease

A

For this, we will look briefly at the

“ Circular Flow of Biological Information”, which is one of the few organizing rules of Molecular Biology

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13
Q

What is the Human Genome?

A

The complete set of DNA sequences in all of the human chromosomes

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14
Q

Genes(each human has ~ 21,000

A

Genes are stored in chromosomes in the nuclei of cells
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes..thus 46 chromosomes in all
Apes have 24 pairs of chromosomes
During the course of evolution, 2 medium sized chromosomes in the ape fused into one
“humans lost a chromosome, but gained a thumb!”
contain DNA; a DeoxyNucleicAcid polymer

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15
Q

Chromosomes

A

Made up of supercoils of DNA coiled tightly around proteins called histones

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16
Q

The circular flow of biological information

A

DNA makes RNA via transcription; RNA makes Protein via translation
Proteins form and regulate organisms:tissue, hormones etc
Organisms sense environments
Environments can affect DNA …..ie. Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons in smoke can slide into the grooves of the DNA double helix

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17
Q

Functions of Proteins

A

They form and regulate organisms, such as HUMANS
Proteins are present in human organs, muscle tissue, blood, hormones, hair etc.
So, without proteins we would have no muscle structure and no way of regulating our metabolism

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18
Q

“epigenetic changes”

A

environements that cause changes in our DNA So….if our DNA is changed, our RNA is changed, and the way we make protein changes

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19
Q

Antibodies

A

also called immunoglobulins, are large Y-shaped proteins which function to (a) identify and (b) help remove foreign antigens or other targets such as viruses and bacteria

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20
Q

Specificity

A

every different antibody recognizes a specific foreign antigen

21
Q

Antibodies structural details

A

Blue and green spheres represent individual amino acids which are linked via peptide bonds to form the protein structure
Primary structure: sequence of amino acids
Secondary structure: conformations (shapes interconvertable by bond rotation)

22
Q

Cancer:First Cancers Ever Seen

A

Chimney Sweeps in England~ 18th century
Exposed to Carcinogenic (Cancer causing) polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH’s) in soot from coal burning
Caused visible cancerous lesions on their skin
Also caused lung cancer-detected much later

23
Q

Genetic basis of cancer

A

Cancers arise via a step by step process involving the accumulation of dozens of DNA mutations in a single cell.

24
Q

Human blood has 4 main components

must know this to discuss diseases and treament

A

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
2. White blood cells (leukocytes)
3. Platelets (thrombocytes)
————————————————–
These 3 types of blood cells occupy about 45 % of blood volume
4. Plasma (the liquid component of blood and occupies)

25
Q

Red blood cells

A

contain hemoglobin, an Iron containing protein that facilitates transport of Oxygen (O2) to tissues and organs, and removal of CO2 from these tissues and organs after respiration

26
Q

White Blood cells

A

Make up only ~1% of blood volume
BUT, very important as they help fight infections by attacking bacteria, viruses and germs which can invade the body
Measurement of WBC count gives an indication of the strength of the immune system

27
Q

WBC types by function:T-Cells

A

Type of white blood cells that are essential for human immunity “at the core of adaptive immunity”
Cytotoxic T cell or Killer T cell
that kills cancer cells or cells that have been affected by a virus or otherwise damaged

28
Q

WBC - B cells

A

Are WBC’s that secrete antibodies (recall large T-shaped proteins) which bind to foreign microorganisms and destroy them

29
Q

Cancers of the blood: 3 types

leukemia

A

rapid production of abnormal WBC’s. This high level of abnormal WBC’s cannot fight infection and they impair the ability of the bone marrow to produce RBC’s and platelets

30
Q

Cancers of the blood: 3 types

Lymphoma

A

: affects the lymphatic system, which normally removes excess fluids in the body and produces immune cells. Production of large numbers of “abnormal lymphocytes” causes these to collect in lymph nodes and other tissues. These cause swelling and impair normal immune system function

31
Q

Cancers of the blood: 3 types(iii)Myeloma (Multiple Myeloma)

A

Cancer of plasma cells. Normal plasma cells are transformed into malignant myeloma cells.
These accumulate in the bone marrow and crowd out healthy cells
This results in reduced quantities of the important functional immunoglobulins to be produced…….thus reducing the patients ability to fight off disease

32
Q

Drugs used vs. blood cancers

A

C is cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)
H is hydroxy-doxorubicin
O is Oncovin (brand name for vincristine)
These 3 drugs are the MOST COMMONLY USED ANTI-CANCER DRUGS
P - Predisone

33
Q

Cyclophosphamide

A

man made. Alkylates DNA, causing it to change its function and slow down protein synthesis; Cancer patients lose their hair.

34
Q

Hydroxy-doxorubicin (H)

A

An anticancer antibiotic, also known as Adriamycin. Planar molecule: intercalates into the DNA double helix. Shuts down protein synthesis. Hair loss is a side effect.
Produced naturally by several wild strains of the streptomyces bacterium

35
Q

O is for Oncovin (vincristine)

A

An alkaloid that occurs naturally in the leaves of the periwinkle plant (see p. 40 of Liska)
1st used effectively against childhood leukemia in 1963
Binds to the tubulin protein, eventually causing cancerous cell death (apoptosis),

36
Q

CHOP is Predisone

A

A potent anti-inflammatory agent; often used against rheumatoid arthritis (an autoimmune disease)
Suppresses the human immune system
NOT an anti-cancer drug, but USED to prevent or treat inflammations due to anticancer drugs!!

37
Q

Rituxan

A

world’s highest selling anticancer drug in 2014

38
Q

Synthesis of Humulin

A

The human gene that codes for the insulin protein synthesis is incorporated into the genetic material of a bacterium such as E.Coli or a yeast such as Baker’s yeast

39
Q

Genetic Origin of Sickle Cell anemia

A

One of the 1st examples of a hereditary illness that is caused by a genetic mutation

40
Q

Sickle Cell anemia treatment

A

Blood transfusions help to some extent
Drug on the market is Droxia (hydroxyurea)
Stimulates the production of fetal hemoglobin, but not a cure

41
Q

Stem cell transplant

A

can be used to cure diseases of the blood and HAS been successful in curing the disease in children

42
Q

Mefloquine

A

Drug against Malaria -For prevention - start 1 week before potential exposure; continue weekly and for 4 weeks after exposure.acts by killing the parasites, either in the liver or as they leave the liver and enter the bloodstream

43
Q

Side Effects of Mefloquine

A

Affects the CNS (Central nervous system)

For short term use by travellers, likely not an issue BUT…….if used long term

44
Q

Quinine and Malaria

A

Very large doses of quinine can counteract malaria

- tonic water contains quinine

45
Q

Stem Cells: new basis for treatments

A

represent the “ultimate reservoir” of regeneration for human tissues, organs or blood

46
Q

3 main properties of stem cells

A

. Pluripotent stem cells can give rise to other functional stem cells by a process called “differentiation”

  1. they can renew themselves “ akin to a grandfather who keeps producing children , grandchildren etc. without ever losing reproductive fecundity”
  2. They can be isolated and grown outside the body in petri dishes in the lab. Can be stored, frozen and even genetically modified for future use in humans
47
Q

Technical Methods using Stem Cells

A

Direct injection into an affected tissue or organ for regeneration: Knees, heart, lung etc
Transplants: represent cures for some blood cancers
Thus rejection can occur

48
Q

Immunosuppressant drugs: (IS’s)

A

all act to lower T cell levels, hence loImmunosuppressant drugs: wering immune response

Chem 1004 (15 decks)

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