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Physiology > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

three functions of blood

A

TRANSPORTATION (gases ((oxygen,carbon dioxide, nitrogen))), nutrients, hormones, waste products (creatinine, urea, blood cells)

REGULATION (pH, body temperature, osmotic pressure, blood pressure)

PROTECTION (clotting, white blood cells, proteins)

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2
Q

plasma proteins

A

albumin(osmotic pressure), globulins(alpha and beta–immunity), gamma proteins(antibodies), fibrinogen(clotting), erythrocytes(transport of o2 and co2)

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3
Q

leukocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes

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4
Q

lymphocytes

A

B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes

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5
Q

plasma

A

55% of blood

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6
Q

packed cells

A

erythrocytes 45%, Buffy layer less than 1%

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7
Q

hemoglobin

A

an iron-containing molecule that can bind with O2, carries 4 o2 molecules, does not contain a nucleus or any organelles, transports 23% carbon dioxide, nitric oxide can also bind

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8
Q

hemoglobin is made up of

A

heme groups

alpha (alpha 1 and 2)
beta (beta 1 and 2)

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9
Q

glycolytic enzymes

A

generate ATP for membrane active transport mechanisms

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10
Q

Carbonic anhydrase

A

catalyzes reaction that converts carbon dioxide into bicarbonate ion

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11
Q

erythropoiesis

A

erythropoiesis the process of making red blood cells, hypoxia will trigger this process, this process happens in the bone marrow, but the kidneys release erythropoietin to stimulate the process

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12
Q

undifferentiated pluripotent stem cell

A

gives rise to all cellular elements of blood

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13
Q

lifespan of a red blood cell

A

120 days

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14
Q

order of the creation of red blood cells

A

pluripotent stem cell, myeloid stem cell, erythroblast, reticulocyte, erythrocyte

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15
Q

in blood typing, what is a and b

A

antigens

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16
Q

what type of antibodies will type A blood contain?

A

type B antibodies

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17
Q

what type of antibodies does type AB blood contain?

A

none

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18
Q

what type of antibodies does type O blood contain?

A

both type A and B antibodies

19
Q

when are Rh factor antibodies produced?

A

when an Rh negative person is exposed to rh+ blood

20
Q

rhogam

A

a shot given to mothers to stop the formation of antibodies to Rh factor, they give it if the mother is negative, no matter the father or the baby

21
Q

erythroblastosis (hemolytic disease of the newborn)

A

the abnormal presence of erythroblastosis in the blood, the mothers white blood cells attack the babies red blood cells due to RH incompatibility

22
Q

leukocytes

A

neutrophil,eosinophil, basophil, monocyte, lymphocyte

23
Q

polymorphonuclear granulocytes

A

neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil

24
Q

mononuclear agranulocyte

A

monocyte, lymphocyte

25
Q

diapedesis

A

the process of white blood cells rolling along the endothelium and sticking to and squeezing between endothelial cells

26
Q

chemotaxis

A

the signals being sent out of the damaged tissue that cause white blood cells to stick

27
Q

integrins

A

the integrins on the neutrophil stick to the selectins on the endothelial cells

28
Q

B cells

A

a lymphocyte that is for destroying bacteria and inactivating their toxins

29
Q

T cells

A

attack viruses, fungi, transplanted cells, and cancer cells

30
Q

natural killer cells

A

attack a wide variety of infections and microbes and some tumor cells

31
Q

thrombocytes

A

platelets, cell fragments shed from megakaryocytes, remain functional for 10 days, production stimulated by the hormone thrombopoietin

32
Q

three steps of hemostasis

A

vascular spasm, platelet plug, blood coagulation

33
Q

vascular spasm

A

endothelium releases prostacyclin and nitric oxide which calls for platelets

34
Q

platelet plug

A

uses ADP

35
Q

blood coagulation

A

uses a clotting Cascade of which there are two pathways, intrinsic pathway and extrinsic pathway

36
Q

intrinsic pathway

A

usually used for damage inside the body, collagen damage, measured by PTT, partial thromboplastin time

37
Q

extrinsic pathway

A

usually used for damage outside of the body, tissue damage, measured by PT, Prothrombin time

38
Q

ESR test

A

erythrocyte sedimentation rate used if there is temporal swelling, temporal arteritis

39
Q

the two positive feedback effects of thrombin

A

accelerates formation of prothrombinase, activates platelets

40
Q

final steps of hemostasis

A

clot retraction, vessel repair, clot dissolution

41
Q

clot retraction

A

when the clot shrinks the fibrin mesh, pulls the edges of the damaged vessel together

42
Q

vessel repair

A

promoted by factors from platelets

43
Q

clot dissolution

A

when the clot is dissolved by the enzyme plasmin

44
Q

t-PA

A

a thrombolytic given for strokes

Physiology (13 decks)

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