Lecture 30 - Classification, Grading and Staging Flashcards

1
Q

Monoclonal cells?

A

group of cells from single ancestral cell

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2
Q

Multiple Myeloma?

A

neoplasm of plasma cells, produces single antibody

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3
Q

Why classify tumours?

A

because cells differ in cell of origin, behaviour, clinical presentation, prognosis, treatment

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4
Q

Grading?

A

degree of growth, relating to: differentiation, nuclear changes, mitotic activity

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5
Q

Staging definition?

A

measure of extent of tumour growth based on clinical, radiological and pathological features (also serum markers)

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6
Q

Aspects of histological grading?

A

lymphocytes, cytogenic changes, proliferation, suppressor/oncogenes

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7
Q

TNM staging system

A

tumour, nodal metastasis, distant metastasis

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8
Q

Metastases types?

A

lymphatic spread, venous spread, serosal cavities, nerves

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9
Q

Benign Epithelial Tumour Types?

A

adenomas, papillomas, cystadenomas; regular tightly packed cells, dysplasia indicates premalignancy

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10
Q

Carcinomas?

A

Preceded by in situ growth phase, malignant once invasive, spread to lymph nodes, bones and viscera,

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11
Q

Treatment of Carcinomas?

A

mainly surgery, varying response to radiation and chemotherapy

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12
Q

Melanocytic Tumor types?

A

Naevi (benign) and melanoma (malignant)

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13
Q

Melanocytic tumor characteristics?

A

spread via lymphatics and blood stream, mainly surgical treatment, contain spindle, round and pleomorphic cells, cytokeratin negative

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14
Q

Connetive tissue tumor characteristics?

A

commonly benign, spread via bloodstream mainly to lungs, combination treatment (all 3), same cell types as melanocytic, cytokeratin negative

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15
Q

Lymphoma characteristics?

A

no benigns, no in situ phase, spread to other lymph nodes (extranodal), non-cohesive round cells, cytokeratin negative, leukocyte common antigen positive

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16
Q

Lymphoma trwatment?

A

chemo and radiotherapy

17
Q

Most aggressive Cancers?

A

undifferentiated, poorly differentiated, anaplastic, pleomorphic