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Physio > neural signaling > Flashcards

neural signaling Flashcards

1
Q

glial cells in the PNS

A

schwann cells

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2
Q

glial cells in the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes, microglia, and astrocytes

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3
Q

movement of proteins and other material from one part of a neuron to another

A

axonal transport

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4
Q

structural components of axons

A

microtubules, microfilaments, and neurofilaments

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5
Q

anterograde transport is from ___ to ____

A

cell body; terminal

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6
Q

examples of things carried in anterograde transport

A

neurotransmitters, nutrients, enzymes

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7
Q

motor protein on microtubules that assists in anterograde transport; similar to myosin contractile proteins

A

kinesins

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8
Q

retrograde transport is from ____ toward ____

A

axon terminals; cell body

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9
Q

things carried in retrograde transport

A

growth factors and viruses such as herpes, rabies, and polio

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10
Q

motor protein involved in retrograde transport

A

dyneins

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11
Q

____ tends to be the faster type of transport

A

retrograde

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12
Q

herpes simplex virus type 1 is transmitted retrogradely and remains latent in the _____

A

trigeminal ganglion

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13
Q

in infants, herpes virus can go beyond ganglia and cause _____

A

encephalitis

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14
Q

____ prevents surviving axons from reaching targets in the CNS when neurons are damaged

A

scar formation

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15
Q

____ can promote axonal regeneration in the PNS

A

schwann cells

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16
Q

astrocytes make _____ that inhibit neuron growth

A

chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans

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17
Q

associated with protein synthesis; cell body swells and eccentric nucleus develops

A

chromatolysis

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18
Q

schwann cells proliferate and produce ____ for substrate for regenerating axons

A

laminin

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19
Q

schwann cells secrete _____ which is transported to ganglion cell body

A

nerve growth factor (NGF)

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20
Q

NGF regulates ____ and promotes ____

A

gene expression; sprouting

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21
Q

adding together of post-synaptic potentials from one synaptic contact (over time)

A

temporal summation

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22
Q

adding together of post-synaptic potentials produced by different synapses

A

spatial summation

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23
Q

temporal and spatial summation are types of _____

A

synaptic integration

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24
Q

examples of neurons that release ACh

A
  • motor neurons
  • neurons in nucleus basalis and pons
  • preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons
  • all postganglionic parasympathetic neurons
25
Q

ACh receptors

A
  • muscarinic receptors (metabotropic)

- nicotinic receptors (ionotropic)

26
Q

muscarinic receptors are blocked by _____

A

atropine

27
Q

nicotinic receptors are blocked by ____

A

curare (e.g. neuromuscular junction)

28
Q

location of ACh neurons in CNS

A
  • basal forebrain (cognitive function)

- pontine nuclei (sleep regulation)

29
Q

autoimmune disorder in which individual makes antibodies to nicotinic receptors, degrading them; characterized by muscle weakness

A

myasthenia gravis

30
Q

myasthenia gravis is treated with _____

A

acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

31
Q

most common form of dementia; loss of neurons in nucleus basalis leading to decrease in cholinergic activity in cortex

A

alzheimers disease

32
Q

types of biogenic amines

A
  1. catecholamines: dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine
  2. serotonin
  3. histamine
33
Q

catecholamines are synthesized from the amino acid _____

A

tyrosine

34
Q

receptors for catecholamines and other biogenic amines are almost exclusively _____

A

GPCRs

35
Q

2 areas that dopamine is found in

A

ventral tegmental area

substantia nigra

36
Q

ventral tegmental area is associated with ____ and ____

A

reward; addiction

37
Q

substantia nigra is associated with the ______

A

motor system

38
Q

2 types of dopamine receptors

A

D1: activate adenylate cyclase
D2: inhibit adenylate cyclase (leading to hyperpolarization)

39
Q

many drugs block D2 receptors and can cause ____

A

tardive dyskinesia

40
Q

where norepinephrine is located in the brain

A

locus ceruleus: attention/sleep

other brainstem groups: autonomic and homeostatic function

41
Q

NE neurons include:

A

sympathetic postganglionic neurons (and some CNS)

42
Q

noradrenergic receptors are ____ receptors

A

G-protein coupled

43
Q

function of alpha 1 NE receptors

A

intracellular release of Ca; excitatory

44
Q

function of alpha 2 NE receptors

A

open K channels or block Ca; inhibitory

45
Q

function of beta (1, 2, 3) NE receptors

A

open Ca channels

46
Q

serotonin is synthesized from ____

A

tryptophan

47
Q

2 classes of serotonergic cells

A

rostral raphe nuclei: sleep, mood, homeostatic functions

caudal raphe nuclei: sensori-motor function

48
Q

histamine is derived from amino acid ____ and is found only in small population of ____

A

histidine; hypothalamic neurons

49
Q

histamine is involved in _____

A

sleep-wakefulness

50
Q

excitatory amino acids

A

glutamate (most common) and aspartate

51
Q

ionotropic glutamate receptors

A

AMPA
Kainate
NMDA
(receptors have channels permeable to Na, K, and Ca)

52
Q

NMDA receptor has synpatic mechanism of _____

A

long term potentiation

53
Q

form of motor spasticity, linked to GABA deficits

A

Huntington chorea

54
Q

GABAa receptor is a ____ receptor that does what?

A

ionotropic receptor

opens Cl channels

55
Q

GABAb receptor is a ____ receptor that does what?

A

metabotropic receptor

opens K channels

56
Q

glycine receptor opens ____ channels

A

Cl

57
Q

glycine is blocked by ____ which leads to ____

A

strychnine; convulsions

58
Q

alzheimers disease characterized by loss of neurons in ____ leading to decrease in ____ activity in the cortex

A

nucleus basalis; cholinergic

59
Q

synthesis of catecholamines occurs in _____ and is stored in ____; release is ____ dependent

A

presynaptic terminal; vesicles; Ca

Physio (9 decks)

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