60s - Social Changes

Question 1

In the 1960s, how can we see the expansion of mass media?

Answer 1

TVs found everywhere - 17.7M TV licences in 1970.

Question 2

What percent of households had a TV in them by 1971?

Answer 2

91%

Question 3

When did BBC2 launch, and how did this affect BBC1?

Answer 3

BBC2 became the first channel to broadcast regular colour programmes, and it allowed for BBC1 to become more populist.

Question 4

How did radios survive during this period?

Answer 4

In cars, and long-life batteries, earphones and personal radios meant that teens could listen to whatever they wanted to.

Question 5

When did BBC pop music station Radio One start?

Answer 5

1963

Question 6

What was the story of the Sun Newspaper in this period?

Answer 6

Started in 1964 - reimaged by Rupert Murdoch in 1969 to cater to a liberal, permissive audience.

Question 7

By 1969, what caused the increase in leisure time?

Answer 7

Less people worked Saturdays due to the beginning of the shift away from primary industry.

Question 8

What % of leisure time did TV account for?

Answer 8

23%

Question 9

What % of journeys were accounted for by car use?

Answer 9

77%

Question 10

As shopping grew as a leisure activity, what grew alongside it?

Answer 10

Mass production of goods.

Question 11

What was the impact of Britannia Airways being founded in 1964

Answer 11

They flew to Spain, Gran Canaria and North Africa - allowed for holidays abroad. This was stilll very middle class - very expensive. Restaurants and wine bars opened up after this to cater for European tastes.

Question 12

When did Yuri Gagarin go into space?

Answer 12

1961

Question 13

When was the Moon Landing?

Answer 13

1969

Question 14

What did the Anglo-French partnership develop in 1969?

Answer 14

Concorde

Question 15

What was the effect of the Post Office Tower opening in 1965?

Answer 15

It functioned as a telecommunications broadcast and enabled increased access to radio frequencies.

Question 16

What was Lord Chamberlain’s Office?

Answer 16

The office that could demand plays to be changed or removed - all plays had to be licensed by the LCO in order to be performed.

Question 17

How did the LCO clash with playwrights?

Answer 17

Playwrights began tackling social issues - such as Bond’s Play Early Morning.

Question 18

What was the impact of Bond’s play Early Morning?

Answer 18

In 1968 George Strauss, a Cons backbencher, introduced a bill to abolish theatrical censorship. This came into effect the same year.

Question 19

How did the cast of the play ‘Hair’ celebrate the abolition of theatre censorship?

Answer 19

13 members appeared naked on stage for a full 30 seconds.

Question 20

By 1970, which two previously looked-down upon aspects had become both explicit and acceptable?

Answer 20

Sex and violence.

Question 21

What was the impact of TV?

Answer 21

Helped develop liberal attitudes and tackled issues of sex, politics and religion.

Question 22

What was the Feminine Mystique?

Answer 22

A book written that posited that women were unfulfilled with their restricted lives.

Question 23

What % of university students did women account for in 1970?

Answer 23

28%

Question 24

What did the NHS Family Planning Act 1967 allow for?

Answer 24

Contraceptive pills to be widely and freely available.

Question 25

What did the percent of illegitimate births rise to as a result of the increase in sexuality in the 60s?

Answer 25

Increase to 8.2% from 6.1%

Question 26

At the National Women's Liberation Conference in 1970, what were their 4 demands?

Answer 26

Equal pay Free contraception or abortion upon request Equal educational and job opportunities Free 24-hr childcare

Question 27

What was the 1971 Matrimonial Property Act?

Answer 27

The work of the wife, either in employment or in the home, will be taken into account in divorce settlements.

Question 28

What is the 1970 Equal Pay Act?

Answer 28

Equal Pay for Equal Work

Question 29

When did the feminist movement really gain traction?

Answer 29

In the early 1970s - the 1960s were a period of evolution not revolution.

Question 30

What is the permissive society?

Answer 30

A time of general sexual liberation, with changes in the public and private morals and a new openness

Question 31

What did critics of the permissive society argue?

Answer 31

It was a decline in conventional moral standards, encouraged by the contraceptive pill.

Question 32

What did the Catholic Church think about the permissive society?

Answer 32

They were hostile to the pill, arguing it was contrary to God's law and therefore sinful.

Question 33

How was sexual openness spreading?

Answer 33

Through 'teen' magazines and the rise in sexually themed books.

Question 34

How much more prevalent did cocaine and heroine addiction become?

Answer 34

10x, and marijuana was used openly.

Question 35

What did the hippy lifestyle glorify?

Answer 35

Drug use - even the Beatles used LSD.

Question 36

What was the Dangerous Drugs Act 1969?

Answer 36

It made it illegal to possess drugs such as cannabis and cocaine. Callaghan wanted to 'call a halt to the rising tide of permissiveness'.

Question 37

What was the maximum sentence for carrying drugs increased to in 1970?

Answer 37

14 years.

Question 38

What did reporter Michael Schofield find in 1965?

Answer 38

Most young people were either virgins upon marriage or married their first and only sexual partner.

Question 39

What did parents and children often clash over?

Answer 39

Fashion, music taste and moral standards.

Question 40

In actuality, how often were drugs used by the youth?

Answer 40

They still used alcohol, tobacco and caffeine more than other recreational drugs.

Question 41

What did London become in the 1960s?

Answer 41

The fashion capital - women wore trousers and men wore velvet and bright colours.

Question 42

What was the impact of 1964s Top of the Pop radio station?

Answer 42

It helped to spread youth music and the latest trends.

Question 43

What allowed for more accessible music?

Answer 43

Cheap records and record players being mass-produced.

Question 44

Which 2 youth subcultures that emerged were most popular?

Answer 44

Skinheads and hippies.

Question 45

What did youth culture and political activism merge in opposition to?

Answer 45

The Vietnam War

Question 46

Which two universities taught a Vietnam War course in 1965?

Answer 46

Oxford and LSE.

Question 47

What happened on 28 March 1965?

Answer 47

A violent protest to the Vietnam War known as the Battle of Grosvenor Square - over 200 arrested.

Question 48

How many people attended the final Vietnam War protest in October 1968?

Answer 48

30,000, but it was a peaceful protest.

Question 49

At the University of Sussex, what happened to the US embassy speaker whilst speaking about the Vietnam War?

Answer 49

He was covered in red paint in an act of protest.

Question 50

What happened to Foreign Secretary's Denis Healey's car in protest to the Vietnam War?

Answer 50

Cambridge students tipped it over in the street.

Question 51

What did a survey in North London show about race relations?

Answer 51

1 in 5 objected to working with immigrants, 1/2 refused to live next to an immigrant, and 9/10 disapproved of mixed-race marriages.

Question 52

When was the Race Relations Act and what did it involve?

Answer 52

1965 - No discrimination on the basis of race in the areas of employment.

Question 53

What was the Race Relations Board?

Answer 53

Created by the Race Relations Act - meant to handle race complaints. They handled 982, and had 734 dismissed due to a lack of evidence.

Question 54

What was the 1968 Commonwealth Immigration Act?

Answer 54

It banned the immigration of people, unless they had a guaranteed job and a grandparent born in this country.

Question 55

What prompted the 1968 Rivers of Blood Speech?

Answer 55

Furore over Kenyan Asians moving into London, Leicester and other Southern cities.

Question 56

What was the impact of Powell's speech?

Answer 56

He was condemned by Liberals and Heath sacked him and never spoke to him again. 75% of the UK supported his speech however, and it made the Cons seem more electable.

Question 57

What did the 1968 Race Relations Act do?

Answer 57

Banned racism in all areas - particularly in housing.

Question 58

What was the loophole to the 1968 Race Relations Act?

Answer 58

Black people could be refused housing in the interest of keeping the 'racial balance'.

Question 59

What were the positive of immigration in the 1960s?

Answer 59

Notting Hill Carnival 1964 Asian shops and takeaways opened Music Youth culture fed off of it Hippies wore Asian and African fashion Beatles preached 'yoga, love and peace'.