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Parasitology 1 > 6.1 Arthropods 1 > Flashcards

6.1 Arthropods 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Arthropods ‐ General Characteristics

A

 jointed appendages
 chitinous exoskeleton
 body segmented
 separate sexes

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2
Q

Classes of Arthropods (that we cover in this course)

A
  • Insecta - insects
  • Arachnida ‐ mites, ticks, spiders
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3
Q

Characteristics of Insects

A
  • 3 body divisions
    ‐ head, thorax and abdomen
  • 3 pairs of legs
  • sometimes wings (usually 2 pairs)
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4
Q

Diptera - what are they

A

Two Winged Flies
* Mosquitoes, gnats, midges, blackflies
* horse flies, deer flies
* house flies, stable flies
* blue‐ and green‐bottle flies
* bot flies
* warbles

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5
Q

Diptera ‐ Life Cycle Strategies

A

Complex metamorphosis
Egg > Larva 1 > Larva n > Pupa > Adults

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6
Q

suborders of diptera

A

-Nematocera
-Brachycera
-Cyclorrhapha

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7
Q

Suborder Nematocera physical characteristics

A

*long, segmented antennae
*piercing‐sucking mouthparts
*females only blood‐feed

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8
Q

Suborder Brachycera physical characteristics

A

*stylate antennae
*slicing mouthparts, feed by telmophagy
*females only of most genera blood-feed

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9
Q

Suborder Cyclorrhapha physical characteristics

A

*aristate antennae
*variable mouthparts

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10
Q

Diptera ‐ Nematocera; what species in this suborder are we concerned about? how do they feed? why are they a problem?

A

*Mosquitoes, gnats, midges, blackflies
*females blood‐feed
*annoying ‐ causes “worry”
*may cause anemia
*may transmit pathogens

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11
Q

Diptera ‐ Brachycera; what species in thes suborder are we concerned about? how do they feed? why are they a problem?

A

*Horse flies and deer flies
*females blood‐feed
*painful bites
*loud fliers
* persistent
*annoying ‐ causes “worry”

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12
Q

Diptera ‐ Cyclorrhapha; what species in thes suborder are we concerned about?

A

*Various robust flies including house flies, stable flies, face flies, flesh flies, warble flies, and bot flies
*aristate antennae
*various mouthparts

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13
Q

Musca domestica

A

the uncommonly filthy house fly

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14
Q

Musca domestica physical characteristics

A

Musca domestica ‐ House Fly
*robust, hairy body
*aristate antennae
* sponging‐lapping mouthparts
*strong flier

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15
Q

Musca domestica ‐ House Fly; Life Cycle

A
  • complex metamorphosis
  • eggs laid in undisturbed cattle feces or other rotting organic matter (not too selective)
  • maggots eat organic debris
  • pupation in soil
  • extremely prolific
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16
Q

Musca domestica ‐ House Fly; significance

A

*annoyance, nuisance
*efficient mechanical vector for pathogens
*feeding habits promote transmission
*biological vector of Habronema and Draschia of horses

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17
Q

Musca autumnalis ‐ Face Fly; physical characteristics

A

*morphologically similar to M. domestica (house fly)
* sponging‐lapping mouthparts

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18
Q

Musca autumnalis ‐ Face Fly; life cycle, feeding habits

A

*complex metamorphosis
*eggs laid in undisturbed cattle feces
*pupation in soil
*adults overwinter in buildings
*adults on horses and cattle outdoors only
*adults feed on eye, nose and mouth secretions

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19
Q

Musca autumnalis ‐ Face Fly; significance

A

*annoyance, irritation, worry
*mechanical vector for pathogens
e.g. infectious keratoconjunctivitis (Moraxella bovis)
*biological vector for eyeworms (Thelazia spp.)

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20
Q

Haematobia irritans

A

Horn Fly

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21
Q

Haematobia irritans ‐ Horn Fly; physical characteristics

A

*aristate antennae
*piercing‐sucking mouthparts
*about 1⁄2 of the size of a house fly
*almost constantly on hosts both inside and out

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22
Q

Haematobia irritans ‐ Horn Fly; life cycle

A
  • eggs laid in undisturbed cattle feces
  • maggots in feces
  • pupation in soil
  • pupae overwinter in soil
  • adults on backs of cattle indoors or out
  • adults pierce skin for blood
  • adults leave cattle only to lay eggs
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23
Q

Haematobia irritans ‐ Horn Fly; significance

A
  • annoyance, irritation, worry
  • reduces milk production and weight gains
  • significant blood loss in heavy infections
  • biological vector for filarial nematode of cattle (Stephanofilaria stilesi)
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24
Q

Stomoxys calcitrans

A

Stable Fly

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25
Stomoxys calcitrans ‐ Stable Fly; physical characteristics
*body similar to that of Musca spp. (often called a “biting house fly”) *aristate antennae * bayonet‐shaped mouthparts (NOT ‐ sponging‐lapping mouthparts)
26
Stomoxys calcitrans ‐ Stable Fly; life cycle
*complex metamorphosis *eggs laid in decaying vegetation *maggots develop in damp straw, etc. *pupation in soil ‐ overwinter as pupae *adults attack mammals during midday *adults pierce the skin for blood *adults are persistent annoying pests
27
Stomoxys calcitrans ‐ Stable Fly; Significance
*painful bite *persistent feeders that are easily disturbed *therefore, annoyance and worry *reduced milk production and weight gains *significant pest of humans as well *intermediate host for Habronema sp. (nematode of horses)
28
Biting and Non‐biting Muscid Flies Control Summary
1) Sanitation Measures *timely removal of manure to reduce the number of breeding sites locally *general cleanliness to remove sites with rotting vegetation (particularly wet decomposition) *where feasible and desirable, ensure proper drainage to remove areas of standing water or muck 2) Insecticides *ear tags impregnated with topical organophosphates or botanicals (e.g. rotenone, pyrethrins ) against face and horn flies *spray‐on or pour‐on formulations of insecticides *back rubbers may be useful on pasture *chitin inhibitors in feed of cattle to make manure unsuitable for larval development
29
Melophagus ovinus
Sheep Keds
30
Sheep Keds – Melophagus ovinus; physical characteristics and life cycle
*Wingless fly *Flattened dorso‐ventrally *Leathery, hairy *Complex metamorphosis *Mature larvae laid by females spin cocoons immediately
31
Sheep Keds – Melophagus ovinus; significance
* Irritation *Blood loss *Wool damage through rubbing and staining
32
Sheep Keds – Melophagus ovinus; control
*Topical insecticides *Usually a winter issue
33
Myiasis
*Invasion of healthy or damaged flesh by the larvae of dipteran flies *both obligate (e.g. cattle grubs, Cuterebra, sheep nasal bots) and facultative myiasis (e.g. wool strike, blow flies) *facultative myiasis generally start with a wound of some kind that attracts flies
34
Sarcophagids and Calliphorids; physical characteristics
*larger than a housefly *brilliant metallic colouring (calliphorids) or grey checkerboard appearance (sarcophagids)
35
Sarcophagids and Calliphorids; larvae
Myiasis *maggot, “screw‐worms”, up to 15 mm long *typical, robust dipteran larva
36
Sarcophagids and Calliphorids; life cycle
*complex metamorphosis *eggs usually laid in or around wounds, soiled skin/wool, or in decaying carcasses *species‐specific level of decomposition preferred *larvae develop at or near site of oviposition *mature larvae leave host to pupate
37
Sarcophagids and Calliphorids; Predisposing causes for fly attack ‐ “wool strike”
*open wounds from any cause ‐ especially attracted to putrefying flesh *decomposing wool on soiled/wet sheep ‐ may result from heavy rain, urine, uterine discharge, diarrhea, sweat, etc. *locally, intestinal parasitoses resulting in diarrhea are a significant cause of wool decay and subsequent fly attack
38
Sarcophagids and Calliphorids; Pathogenesis
*maggots develop in wound or wool, feeding on dead tissues ‐ foul odour and brownish staining *some may invade adjacent normal tissue *decay of flesh may cause toxemia *maggots may migrate under the skin for a significant distance and into underlying muscle *sheep may kick or bite the “struck” area
39
Sarcophagids and Calliphorids; Treatment
*shear away wool from affected area *physically remove all visible maggots, probing under flaps of skin to remove maggots and to debride decomposing flesh *apply insecticides locally by spray or spread manually *management of secondary bacterial infections may be necessary depending on severity of lesions
40
Bot Flies – Major Types and hosts
*Warble Fly (cattle grubs) – cattle, rarely horses *Nasal Bot Fly (Oestrus ovis) ‐ sheep *Rodent or Rabbit Bot Fly – small animals *Stomach Bot Fly ‐ horses
41
Bot Flies – General Features
* Often large bee‐like adults – do not feed * Large larvae must store energy for metamorphosis and egg‐laying * Usually well‐prescribed sites of development
42
Hypoderma species; what are they? cause obligate what?
Hypoderma bovis *Northern cattle grub *Larvae overwinter in spinal canal or epidural fat Hypoderma lineatum *Southern or common cattle grub *Larvae overwinter in esophageal connective tissue Causes Obligate Myiasis
43
Hypoderma species; Life Cycle
*Complex life cycle *Eggs laid on legs of cattle by non‐feeding adult flies *Larvae penetrate skin – migrate to overwintering sites by December for about 3 months * Late February through April – migrate to back *Produce “warble” there – subcutaneous cyst *Larvae mature, drop out of wound and pupate * One cycle per year in Ontario
44
Hypoderma species; Pathogenesis/Lesions
* “gadding” results from oviposition – reduced production through energy expenditure * holes in hides reduce value and lesions may require trimming in packing plant * horse, loss of use if warble in saddle area
45
Cuterebra species; Morphology
*adults ‐ robust and bee‐like flies with vestigial mouthparts *larvae ‐ large with prominent spines found within subcutaneous cysts of host
46
Cuterebra species; Life Cycle
*complex metamorphosis *eggs found near burrow openings *larvae enter host via nose or mouth *migrates to skin and cuts breathing hole *larva emerges from hole when mature *pupation on ground (over‐wintering) *adults mate and lay eggs the following year
47
Cuterebra species; Pathogenesis/Lesions/Clinical Signs
* subcutaneous fibrotic cyst * wet coat in neck region * small hole * rarely, larvae enter the CNS
48
Cuterebra species; treatment
*surgical removal of the bot *debride contents of cyst, if necessary *local anti‐inflammatory/antibiotic *systemic treatment if severe
49
Gasterophilus species
Stomach Bots Gasterophilus intestinalis * Most common >95% Gasterophilus nasalis * Uncommon locally
50
Gasterophilus species; life cycle
*Complex life cycle *Most eggs on forelegs (Gasterophilus intestinalis) *Oral migration *2nd stage larvae swallowed *Larvae overwinter in stomach *Larvae pass out with feces
50
Gasterophilus species; Pathogenesis/Lesions
* Usually asymptomatic but gastric lesion can be significant *Rarely perforations can occur giving abscesses and peritonitis
51
Gasterophilus species; Control
* Many registered compounds available including insecticides and endectocides (macrocyclic lactones)
52
Causes Obligate Myiasis; which ones?
Gasterophilus species Cuterebra species Hypoderma species =>all the bot flies
53
Anoplura
Sucking Lice
54
Anoplura ‐ Sucking Lice; general characteristics
*highly host‐specific *feed on secretions, blood *wingless, flattened (dorso‐ventrally) head is narrower than the thorax
55
Anoplura ‐ Sucking Lice; life cycle, where are they found on the host
* simple metamorphosis * eggs (nits) cemented to hairs or feathers * life cycle about 2 ‐ 4 weeks * entire life cycle on the host ‐ generally short survival off of the host * sucking lice are usually found in groups attached to the host by their mouthparts ‐ often in protected areas
56
Mallophaga
Chewing or Biting Lice
57
Mallophaga ‐ Chewing or Biting Lice; General Characteristics, feeding habits
* highly host‐specific * feed on skin, hair, secretions, feathers * wingless, flattened (dorso‐ ventrally), head as broad as or broader than the thorax
58
Mallophaga ‐ Chewing or Biting Lice; Life Cycle
*simple metamorphosis *eggs (nits) cemented to hairs or feathers *life cycle about 2 ‐ 4 weeks *entire life cycle on the host ‐ generally short survival off of the host *chewing lice are usually active or highly active
59
Lice – Epidemiology; how do populations change over time, transmission
*Populations often increase in winter months *Transmission is usually via direct contact but fomites can be involved
60
Lice – Control
*Many insecticidal products for control, spray, dips, dust bags, etc. *Most kill only larvae and adults – re‐treatment is usually required *May require vacating premises for short periods

Parasitology 1 (8 decks)

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