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POS BVetMed 2 > 6.1 Basis of Infection > Flashcards

6.1 Basis of Infection Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four types of prokaryotes?

A

Saprophyte
Symbiont
Commensal
Pathogen/Parasite

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2
Q

What is a saprophyte?

A

An organism that feeds on dead and decaying organic matter.

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3
Q

What is a symbiont?

A

An organism that lives in collaboration with another organism with mutual benefit.

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4
Q

What is a commensal?

A

An organism which lives in associaion with another organism without adversely affecting the host (indirect benefit of keeping pathogens out)

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5
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Organisms which live as parasites on or in another organism to the detriment of the host.

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6
Q

What is a primary pathogen?

A

Obligate pathogen - infection always associated with disease.

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7
Q

What is a secondary pathogen?

A

Opportunistic pathogen - can be found in healthy individuals, waiting for the opportunity to infect and cause disease.

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8
Q

What are the five possible routes of infection?

A 
Direct contact
Aerosol
Oro-faecal
Transplacental
Vector-borne
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9
Q

What are the two possible sites of infection?

A

Exogenous - epithelial surfaces

Endogenous - body tissues (intracellular, extracellular, vesicular)

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10
Q

What are the five cells of the immune system?

A

Neutrophils - phagocytosis

Monocytes/macrophages - phagocytosis

Eosinophils - kill parasites

Basophils/mast cells - kills parasites

Lymphocytes - anti-viral and aid other cells

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11
Q

How do we identify a pathogen is responsible for a disease?

Koch’s Postulates

A
  • pathogen present in every case of the disease
  • pathogen isolated from disease host and grown in pure culture
  • disease is reproduced when pure culture inoculated in healthy host
  • pathogen recoverable from experimentally infected host
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12
Q

What are the five types of pathogens?

A 
Prions
Viruses
Bacteria 
Fungi
Parasites
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13
Q

What is a prion?

A

‘infectious protein’ - misfolded protein that induces a conformational change in normal prion protein of a host.

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14
Q

What is a virus?

A

Obligate intracellular parasite

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15
Q

Describe the basic structure of a non-enveloped virus

A

Nucleic acid

Capsid

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16
Q

Describe the basic structure of an enveloped virus

A

Nucleic acid
Capsid
Envelope - glycoproteins and host-derived membrane.

17
Q

How is immunity to viruses provided?

A 
Neutralising antibody (produced by B lymohocytes)
Killer T lymphocytes
18
Q

How are viral infections treated?

A

Vaccinations for prevention

Anti-viral drugs

Biosecurity for prevention

19
Q

Describe the basic structure of bacteria.

A 
Capsule
Cell wall
DNA coil
Flagellum
Ribosomes
Plasmid
Cytoplasm
Plasma membrane
Pili
Cytoplasmic inclusion
20
Q

What are the differences between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria?

A

Gram-negative: surrounded by thin peptidoglycan cell wall and lipopolysaccharide membrane.

Gram-positive: No outer membrane but layers of peptidoglycan.

21
Q

What is the life cycle of bacteria/fungi?

A

1- colonisation
2- invasion
3- replication
4- dissemination

22
Q

Describe different methods of pathogenesis of bacteria.

A

Invasive bacteria - localised or systemic infection.

Endotoxigenic bacteria - degradation products released into bloodstream.

Exotoxigenic bacteria - toxin secreted.

23
Q

How does the immune system fight bacterial and fungal infection?

A

Phagocytosis
Complement activation
Opsonising antibody

24
Q

How are bacterial and fungal infections treated?

A

Antimicrobial drugs

Antifungal drugs

25
Q

What are the types of parasites?

A

Endoparasites

Ectoparasites

26
Q

what are endoparasites?

A

Helminths (worms)

Protozoa (single celled eukaryotes)

27
Q

What are ectoparasites?

A

Arthropods (insects)

28
Q

How does the immune system respond to parasites?

A

IgE antibodies
Eosinophils
Basophils/Mast cells

29
Q

How are parasite infections treated?

A

Specific anthelmintics, ectoparasiticides, anti-protozoal drugs

POS BVetMed 2 (43 decks)

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