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Year 2 Loco > Overview - upper and lower limb > Flashcards

Overview - upper and lower limb Flashcards

1
Q

Femoral head fits into?

A

Acetabulum

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2
Q

Anatomical neck of the femur is?

A

Just inferior to the femoral head

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3
Q

Surgical neck of the femur is?

A

Region of the femoral neck that breaks the most

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4
Q

Relation of anatomical and surgical neck in the femur?

A

In the femur, these are the same

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5
Q

Muscles attach where on the femur?

A

Greater and lesser trochanter

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6
Q

Shenton’s line is?

A

Line from superior pubic rami to medial border of femoral neck

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7
Q

Change to Shenton’s line indicates?

A

Damage to the neck of the femur e.g. fracture

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8
Q

Three ligaments of the hip joint? Anterior or posterior?

A

Iliofemoral - anterior
Pubofemoral - anterior
Ischiofemoral - posterior

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9
Q

Strongest ligament of the hip joint?

A

Anterior iliofemoral ligament

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10
Q

Hip joint is stable or not very stable?

A

Very very stable

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11
Q

Appearance of the iliofemoral ligamnet?

A

Y-shaped ligament

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12
Q

Most common dislocation at the hip and why?

A

Posterior dislocation - the iliofemoral is strongest ligament and this is anterior

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13
Q

Change in shape of the ligaments to the hip joint upon movement of the leg is?

A

Relaxed when the hip is flexed

When leg moves backwards and extends, ligaments twist and turn

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14
Q

When is the femoral head inserted deeper into the acetabulum?

A

When the ligaments of the hip twist upon leg extension

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15
Q

Ligamentum teres is where?

A

Inside the acetabulum

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16
Q

Ligamentum teres function is?

A

Helps to strengthen the joining of the head of the femur into the acetabulum

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17
Q

What runs within the ligamentum teres?

A

Artery

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18
Q

Main blood supply to the hip joint is?

A

Circumflex arteries - medial and lateral

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19
Q

Circumflex arteries originate from?

A

Femoral artery

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20
Q

Artery to the head of the femur provides blood supply to the hip in whom?

A

Children

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21
Q

Artery to the head of the femur originates from?

A

Obturator artery

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22
Q

Necrosis of head of the femur can be caused by?

A

Fracture to the neck of the femur

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23
Q

When does the external iliac artery become the femoral artery?

A

When it passes under the inguinal ligament

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24
Q

What branch does the external iliac artery give off?

A

Inferior epigastric artery

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25
Q

Inferior epigastric artery goes in which direction?

A

Superiorly

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26
Q

What are the three branches given off by the femoral artery?

A

Profunda femoris
Lateral circumflex
Medial circumflex

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27
Q

What does the femoral artery become and where?

A

Popliteal artery when it passes over the popliteus muscle

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28
Q

Popliteal artery is long or short?

A

Short

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29
Q

Popliteal artery bifrucates into which two arteries?

A

Anterior tibial

Posterior tibial

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30
Q

Posterior tibial becomes which two arteries at teh posterior leg?

A

Continues as the posterior tibial artery

Gives off the fibular artery

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31
Q

Two ligaments forming the greater and lesser sciatic foramen are?

A

Sacrospinous

Sacrotuberous ligaments

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32
Q

How can you differentiate between the sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments?

A

Sacrospinous ligament comes across and divides like the SPINE of the SCAPULA

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33
Q

Greater and lesser sciatic foramen - relation to each other?

A

Greater sciatic foramen is superior and lesser sciatic foramen is inferior

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34
Q

Muscle passing through greater sciatic foramen is?

A

Piriformis

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35
Q

Four nerves through greater sciatic foramen is?

A

Sciatic nerve
Pudendal nerve
Inferior gluteal nerve
Superior gluteal nerve

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36
Q

Which nerve through the greater sciatic foramen then passes back out through the lesser sciatic foramen?

A

Pudendal nerve

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37
Q

Where should IM injection be given in the bum and why?

A

Upper outer gluteal quadrant - avoid the sciatic nerve

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38
Q

What does the gluteus maximus insert into distally?

A

3/4 - iliotibial tract

1/4 - gluteal tuberosity of the femur

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39
Q

Iliotibial tract inserts into what?

A

Anterolateral tubercle of the tibia

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40
Q

Function of gluteus maximus is? x2

A

Hip extension

Lateral rotation

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41
Q

Function of piriformis?

A

Aids gluteus maximus in lateral rotation

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42
Q

Nervous innervation to the lateral rotators?

A

L5, S1, S2

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43
Q

Six muscles that function for lateral rotation of the hip?

A 
Gluteus maximus
Piriformis
Superior gemellus
Inferior gemellus 
Obturator internus
Quadratus femoris
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44
Q

Superior gluteal nerve innervates? x2

A

Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimis
Tensor fascia latae

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45
Q

Inferior gluteal nerve innervates?

A

Gluteus maximus

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46
Q

Trendelenberg test involves which nerve?

A

Superior gluteal

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47
Q

Function of gluteus minimus and medius?

A

Abduction of the hip

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48
Q

Results of the trendelenberg test?

A

If there is damage then the hip will drop on the unaffected side

Drooping on one side - other side damage to superior gluteal nerve

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49
Q

Three compartments of the thigh are?

A

Anterior
Posterior
Medial

50
Q

Muscles and function of anterior compartment of thigh?

A

Quads + iliopsoas + sartorius

Knee extension
Hip flexion

51
Q

Nervous innervation to the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Femoral nerve

52
Q

Muscles and function of posterior compartment of thigh

A

Hamstrings

Knee flexion
Hip extension

53
Q

Nervous innervation of medial compartment of thigh?

A

Obturator nerve

54
Q

Muscles and function of medial compartment of thigh?

A

Hip adductors and gracilis

Adduction of hip

55
Q

Nervous innervation of posterior compartment of thigh?

A

Sciatic nerve

56
Q

Nerve roots of femoral nerve?

A

L2, L3, L4

57
Q

Nerve roots of sciatic nerve?

A

L5, S1, S2

58
Q

Nerve roots of obturator nerve?

A

L2, L3, L4

59
Q

The three hip adductors are? (biggest to smallest)

A

Adductor Magnus, Longus, Brevis

MLB

60
Q

Structure located deep to the inguinal ligament is?

A

Femoral VAN

61
Q

What passes through the obturator foramen?

A

Obturator nerve

62
Q

Main hip flexors are?

A

Iliopsoas

63
Q

What are the four quadricep muscles?

A

Vastus medialis
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedialis
Rectus femoris

64
Q

Which is the only quadricep that crosses the hip and has a role at the hip?

A

Rectus femoris

65
Q

Where do the other three quadricep muscles have a function?

A

Knee

66
Q

Two attachment points of hamstrings are?

A

Ischial tuberosity

Tibia

67
Q

Three hamstring muscles are?

A

Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Biceps femoris (long head)

68
Q

Three components of the pes anserinus are?

A

Insertion of the three muscles:
Sartorius
Gracilis
Semiteninosus

69
Q

Borders of the femoral triangle are?

A

Inguinal ligament
Sartorius
Adductor longus

70
Q

What is common through the femoral triangle?

A

Hernias in women

71
Q

Two superficial veins of the leg?

A

Great saphenous vein

Small saphenous vein

72
Q

Three bones of the knee are?

A

Patella
Femur
Tibia

73
Q

Larger meniscus is lateral or medial?

A

Medial

74
Q

Posterior cruciate ligament attached to lateral or medial meniscus?

A

Lateral

75
Q

Anterior cruciate ligament attached to lateral or medial meniscus?

A

Medial

76
Q

ACL and PCL - which is stronger?

A

PCL

77
Q

Lateral and medial meniscus - which is more movable?

A

Lateral - smaller and more movable

78
Q

Two collateral ligaments of the knee are?

A

Lateral/fibular collateral

Medial/tibial collateral

79
Q

The menisci of the knee are superior or inferior to the patella bone?

A

Inferior

80
Q

Main function of the PCL?

A

Stops the TIBIA moving back on the FEMUR

81
Q

Two additional functions of the PCL?

A

Stabilise the knee in flexion

Prevents external rotation of the tibia

82
Q

Main function of the ACL?

A

Stops the TIBIA moving forward on the FEMUR

83
Q

Two additional functions of the ACL?

A

Stabilise the knee in knee extension

Preventions hyperextension and excessive internal rotation

84
Q

Three components of the unhappy triad are?

A

Medial meniscus
ACL
Medial collateral

85
Q

Deepest structure in the popliteal fossa is?

A

Popliteal artery

86
Q

Function of anterior compartment of leg? x2

A

Dorsiflexion

Extension of digits

87
Q

Innervation of anterior compartment of leg?

A

Deep peroneal nerve

88
Q

Artery of anterior compartment of leg?

A

Anterior tibial artery

89
Q

Function of posterior compartment of leg? x2

A

Plantarflexion

Flexion of digits

90
Q

Innervation of posterior compartment of leg?

A

Tibial nerve

91
Q

Artery of posterior compartment of leg?

A

Posterior tibial artery

92
Q

Function of lateral compartment of leg?

A

Eversion

93
Q

Innervation of lateral compartment of leg?

A

Superficial peroneal nerve

94
Q

Artery of lateral compartment of leg?

A

Fibular artery

95
Q

Three bones of the ankle?

A

Tibia
Fibula
Talus

96
Q

Heel bone is?

A

Calcaneus

97
Q

Blood supply to the head and neck of the femur is which artery?

A

Medial circumflex

98
Q

Avascular necrosis to the head of the femur occurs with damage to which artery in an adult?

A

Medial circumflex

99
Q

Presentation of the leg when the neck of the femur is fractured?

A

Shorter and lateral rotation

100
Q

Presentation of the leg when the hip is dislocated?

A

Shorter and external rotation

101
Q

Nerve most likely to be damaged in hip dislocation is?

A

Sciatic nerve

102
Q

Rectus femoris could cause avulsion fracture of which boney prominence?

A

AAIS

103
Q

Fracture of the tibia can cause damage to which nerve?

A

Common fibular nerve

104
Q

HLA associated with ankylosing spondylitis is?

A

HLA-B27

105
Q

Bow legs - genu varum or valgum?

A

Genu varum

106
Q

Genu varum involves which bones in Blounts disease?

A

Just the tibia

107
Q

Genu varum involves which bones in Rickets?

A

Tibia AND the femur

108
Q

Muscles and nerve causing flexion of the hip?

A

Iliopsoas and rectus femoris and sartorius

Femoral nerve

109
Q

Muscles and nerve causing extension of the hip?

A

Gluteus maximus and hamstrings (semitendinosus, semimembranosus and biceps femoris)

Sciatic nerve

110
Q

Muscles and nerve causing abduction of the hip?

A

Gluteus medius and gluteus minimis

Superior gluteal nerve

111
Q

Muscles and nerve causing adduction of the hip?

A

Adductors longus, brevis and magnus

Obturator nerve

112
Q

Muscles and nerve causing lateral rotation of the hip?

A

Gluteus maximus and piriformis

Inferior gluteal nerve

113
Q

Muscles and nerve causing medial rotation of the hip?

A

Gluteus medius, minimus and three hamstrings

114
Q

Muscles and nerve causing flexion of the knee?

A

Three hamstrings - semimemb, tend and biceps femoris

Sciatic nerve

115
Q

Muscles and nerve causing extension of the knee?

A

Four quadriceps - vastus lateralis, medialis, intermedius and rectus femoris

Femoral nerve

116
Q

Muscles and nerve causing lateral rotation of the knee?

A

Semimemb, tend, gracilis, sartorius and popliteus

Sciatic nerve

117
Q

Muscles and nerve causing medial rotation of the knee?

A

Biceps femoris

Sciatic nerve

118
Q

Nerve root of femoral nerve?

A

L2, L3, L4

119
Q

Nerve root of sciatic nerve?

A

S1, S2, S3

120
Q

Nerve root of obturator nerve?

A

L2, L3, L4

Year 2 Loco (31 decks)

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