Chapter 4

Question 1

Validity

Answer 1

the verifiable assumption that the measures of, or information about, a particular phenomenon actually represent that phenomenon

• must rely on various pieces of evidence in order to make any judgment
• sometimes theoretical arguments can also be supported by other data such as stories and interviews

Question 2

Reliability

Answer 2

measures of, or information about, a particular phenomenon that can be replicated by observers

• make repeated observations and examinations of the thing they are studying
• need to make repeated observations

Question 3

Case

Answer 3

clear and well-defined example that provides evidence for the particular phenomenon

Question 4

Prototypical

Answer 4

a case study of the first city of a given type that is soon to become more common

Question 5

Typical Case

Answer 5

a case that represents the typical or common, features of all cities or communities at that time and or in that country

Question 6

Case Study

Answer 6

a clear and well-defined example that furnishes evidence of the particular phenomenon that a researcher is studying

Question 7

Ethnographic Case Study

Answer 7

a case study using field methods to investigate a particular social phenomenon that reflects the circumstances of a group

Question 8

Historical Case Study

Answer 8

a study of a particular area or city that focuses on how historical circumstances have shaped life their

Question 9

Hinterland

Answer 9

a generally rural or agricultural area or region that surrounds a highly urbanized city