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Endeavour - Human Bio 2 > Session 1 - Blood and the elements > Flashcards

Session 1 - Blood and the elements Flashcards

1
Q

Cells of the body are serviced by which two fluids

A

Blood

Interstital fluid

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2
Q

Blood is composed of..

Briefly describe its function?

A

plasma and a variety of cells

- transports nutrients and wastes

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3
Q

function of Interstitial fluid

A

Bathes the cells of the body

Nutrients and oxygen diffuse from blood into interstitial fluid and then into cells

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4
Q

Functions of the blood

A

Transportation - O2, CO2, metabolic wastes, nutrients, heat and hormones

oRegulation
•helps regulate pH through buffers
•helps regulate body temperature
–coolant properties of water
–vasodilatation of surface vessels dump heat

•helps regulate water content of cells by interactions with dissolved ions and proteins

oProtection
•from disease and loss of blood ( white blood cells, clotting)

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5
Q

Which vein is blood taken from ?

A

median cubital vein

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6
Q

Blood consists of

A

Plasma 55% - blood plasma consists of 91.5% water & 8.5% solutes (proteins, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, respiratory gases, electrolytes and waste products)

Formed elements 45% - mostly red blood cells

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7
Q

if blood was In a test tube..

A

Red blood cells would fall to the bottom because they are the heaviest
Plasma at the top because it is lighter
In between is the buffy coat ( White blood cells and platelets)

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8
Q

The 3 blood plasma proteins

A

oAlbumin
•maintain blood osmotic pressure

oGlobulins (immunoglobulins)
•antibodies bind to foreign substances called antigens
which form antigen-antibody complexes

FYI = An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), produced mainly by plasma cells - used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses.

oFibrinogen
•for clotting

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9
Q

The 3 formed elements of blood

A

Red blood cells ( erythrocytes)

White blood cells (leukocytes)
•granular leukocytes 
–neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
•agranular leukocytes
–lymphocytes = T cells, B cells, and Natural Killer cells
–monocytes

Platelets (fragments of cells)
AKA -Thrombocytes

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10
Q

Difference between granular and agranular

A

Granular = Contain conspicuous granules (grains) after staining

Agranular = do not contain the granules after staining

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11
Q

define Haematopoiesis

A

Stimulus for the manufacture of our blood cells

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12
Q

Formation of blood cells

What are they originally formed from (1st stage) and what do they differentiate into?

A

oBlood cells are formed from pluripotent haematopoietic stem cells

The pluripotent stem cells differentiated into:

  • Myeloid stem cells
  • Lymphoid stem cells.
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13
Q

Myeloid stem cell line of development

A
  • progenitor cells = no longer reproduce themselves, committed to form specific cell types
    example: CFU-E develops eventually into only red blood cells

*blast cells = have recognizable histological characteristics
–develop within several divisions into mature cell types including RBCs, platelets, and all WBCs except for lymphocytes

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14
Q

Lymphoid stem cell line of development

A

Pre B cells and prothymocytes finish their development into B cells and T lymphocytes in bone marrow

T cells will leave the bone marrow and migrate into some lymphatic tissue to mature

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15
Q

Which 3 Haemopoietic growth factors stimulate and regulate differentitation and profileration (rapid reproduction of a cell) in the various blood cells

A

oErythropoietin (EPO) = When the RBC numbers fall a little our kidneys will produce more EPO which will stimulate red bone marrow to produce more RBC

oThrombopoietin (TPO)
•hormone from liver stimulates platelet formation

oCytokines
•local hormones of bone marrow
•produced by some marrow cells to stimulate proliferation in other marrow cells

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16
Q

Red blood cells = Haematocrit/Packed cell volume (PCV)

A

is the percentage of blood occupied by red blood cells

17
Q

2 causes of Abnormal Haematocrit

A

Anaemia - not enough red blood cells or not enough haemoglobin

Polycythaemia - too many RBCs

18
Q

define Haemoglobin

A

oxygen carrying protein in cytosol - gives blood its red colour

19
Q

RBC =

Haemoglobin consists of

A

protein consisting of 4 polypeptide chains (globin) and one haeme pigment attached to each polypeptide chain

each haeme contains an iron ion (Fe+2) that can combine reversibly with one oxygen molecule - therefore Each haemoglobin molecule is able to bind 4 oxygen molecules

20
Q

Haemoglobin function

A

Transport gases

oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitric oxcide

Oxygen - haemoglobin molecule can carry 4 oxygen molecules from lungs to tissue cells

CO2 - haemoglobin transports 23% of total CO2 waste from tissues to lungs for release

21
Q

Briefly describe recycling of Haemoglobin components (very important)

A

Worn out cells removed by fixed macrophages of liver or spleen

  • Globin portion broken down into amino acids and recycled
  • Haemeportion split into iron (Fe+3) and biliverdin (green pigment) - biliverdin converted to bilirubin (Yellow) which is secreted by liver into bile
22
Q

Erythropoiesis is production of

A

Red blood cells

23
Q

The main stimulus for Erythropoiesis ( RBC production)

A

hypoxia.
•From anaemia, blood loss, circulatory problems.

kidney responds to hypoxia

Process:
o Proerythroblast starts to produce Haemoglobins.
o Reticulocyte is formed.
o Reticulocytes leave bone marrow into the blood. (0.5% to 1.5% of RBC’s)

o In 1-2 days, they eject the remaining organelles to become a mature RBC.

24
Q

White blood cells are also known as

A

Leukocytes

25
Q

Structure of WBC

A

nucleated and do not contain haemoglobin

26
Q

Surface antigens of WBC and their purpose

A

Major histocompatibility antigens ( MHC)

Unique for each person

Help cells to recognise each other and as belonging to you so that any cell that doesn’t have surface antigens or doesn’t have the appropriate surface antigens will be deemed foreign and will be destroyed.

27
Q

WBC classification based on presence of cytoplasmic granules

A

Granulocytes

  • Neutrophils ( most abundant)
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils

Agranulocytes

  • Monocytes
  • Lymphocytes
28
Q

WBC- Neutrophils

A

Granulocyte

  • granules small
  • 60-70% of circulating WBCs

FUNCTION:
Fastest response of all WBC to bacteria
o Direct actions against bacteria
• release lysozymes which destroy/digest bacteria
• release defensin proteins that act like antibiotics and
poke holes in bacterial cell walls destroying them
• release strong oxidants (bleach-like, strong
chemicals) that destroy bacteria

29
Q

WBC - Basophils

A

Granulocyte

  • Granules large
  • Less than 1% of circulating WBC

Function:
o Involved in inflammatory and allergy reactions
o Leave capillaries and enter connective tissue as mast cells
o Release heparin, histamine and serotonin
• heighten the inflammatory response and account for hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions

30
Q

WBC- Eosinophils

A

Granulocyte

  • large granules
  • 2-4% of circulating WBC

Function
o Leave capillaries to enter tissue fluid
o Release histaminase
• slows down inflammation caused by basophils
o Attack parasitic worms
o Phagocytize antibody-antigen complexes

31
Q

WBC - Lymphocyte

A

Agranulocyte

  • increase in number during viral infections
  • 20-25% of circulating WBC
  • categorised into 3 cell types

Functions -
o B cells
•destroy bacteria and their toxins
•turn into plasma cells that produces antibodies

o T cells
•attack viruses, fungi, transplanted organs, cancer cells and some bacteria

oNatural Killer cells
•attack many different microbes and some tumour cells
•destroy foreign invaders by direct attack

32
Q

WBC - Monocyte

A

Agranulocyte

  • The biggest of all WBC
  • 3-8% of circulating WBCs

Function:

o Migrate from the blood into the tissues, enlarge and differentiate into macrophages

–fixed macrophages: Found in specific tissues
 alveolar macrophages in lungs
 Kupffer cells in liver

–wandering macrophages: Roam the tissues and gather at sites of infection
 Take longer to get to site of infection, but arrive in larger numbers
 Destroy microbes and clean up dead tissue following an infection

33
Q

Leukocytosis

A

o a high white blood cell count

can be caused by
•microbes, strenuous exercise, anesthesia or surgery

34
Q

Leukopenia

A

is low white blood cell count

Can be caused by
•radiation, shock or chemotherapy

35
Q

Where are majority of WBC found

A

o Only 2% of total WBC population is in circulating blood at any given time
•rest are in lymphatic fluid, skin, lungs, lymph nodes and spleen

Endeavour - Human Bio 2 (20 decks)

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