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A P lab > respiratory system > Flashcards

respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

Each lung is surrounded by two layers of serous membrane known as pleurae. These are:
__________ pleura; covers the surface of the lung
__________ pleura; lines the thoracic wall
This fluid assists breathing movements by acting as a/an

A

1) VISCERAL PLEURA
2) PARIETAL PLEURA
lubricant

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2
Q

The space in between is called the ____________ cavity and it is filled with ___________ fluid.
This fluid assists breathing movements by acting as a ________________.

A

1) PLEURAL CAVITY

2) PLEURAL FLUID

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3
Q

Airways from the nasal cavity through the terminal bronchioles are called the __________________
zone.
The function of this zone is to _____________ and ______________ the air.
Is there gas exchange in this zone? ______

A

1) CONDUCTING ZONE
2) WARM AND MOISTEN
3) NO

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4
Q

The respiratory zone contains ______________ where gas is exchanged. This zone consists of the
______________ bronchioles, ___________ ducts and _____________ sacs

A

1) ALVEOLI
2) RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES
3) ALVEOLAR DUCTS
4) ALVEOLAR SACS

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5
Q

Name the three types of cells in the alveolus:

A

CELL I, ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES, CELL II

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6
Q

. ______________; simple squamous epithelium
2. ______________; removes debris and microbes
3. ______________; secretes surfactant. Surfactant (decreases or increases) surface tension which
prevents the alveoli from collapsing.

A

CELL I
ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES
CELL II
decrease

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7
Q

The thin respiratory membrane consists of the _____________________ epithelium and the
_____________ membrane of both the alveolus and the capillary

A

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS

BASEMENT

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8
Q

The relationship between pressure and volume

A

boyles law

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9
Q

Increased volume leads to

A

decrease pressure

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10
Q

decrease volume leads to

A

increase pressure

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11
Q

Intrapulmonary pressure __ during inspiration

A

decreases

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12
Q

What pressure is always negative and helps to keep the lungs inflated

A

intrapleural pressure

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13
Q

If transpulmonary pressure equals zero, what will happen to the lungs

A

collapse

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14
Q

List the factors that affect pulmonary gas exchange

A

surface area of the membrane
concentration gradient
thickness of the membrane
the distance of diffusion

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15
Q

List the two ways oxygen is transported in the blood

A
  • physically dissolved within the blood plasma

- bound to hemoglobin within RBCs

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16
Q

When oxygen is loaded onto hemoglobin in the lungs, hemoglobin is called ?, and when oxygen is unloaded from the hemoglobin at the tissues, it is called ?

A

oxyhemoglobin

deoxygemoglobin

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17
Q

What are the three ways that carbon dioxide is transported within the blood?

A
  • physically dissolved within the blood plasma
  • bound to hemoglobin within RBCs
  • as bicarbonate (HCO3-)
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18
Q

CO2 binds with water to form _________
the catalyst for the formation of carbonic acid is ____
carbonic acid dissociates into ______ and ______

A

carbonic acid
carbonic anhydrase
hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions

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19
Q

when bicarbonate ions move out of the red blood cells, _____ ions move in. this is known as the _______

A

chloride,

chloride shift

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20
Q

Even the most forceful exhalation leaves air in the lungs, this is called the (_______ _______), and is needed to (______ ______ ______).

A

Residual volume;

keep alveoli open

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21
Q

Why is the rate of CO2 exchange roughly equivalent to that of O2 despite its less steep pressure gradient

A

CO2 is more soluble in water than is O2.

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22
Q

Surfactant ? surface tension, which prevents the alveoli from collapsing.

A

increase

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23
Q

is an event necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2?

A

pulmonary ventilation

internal respiration

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24
Q

The alveolar and pulmonary capillary walls and their fused basement membranes are called the:

A

Respiratory Membrane

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25
Q

What determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?

A

the partial pressure gradient of the gases

26
Q

The pressure in the pleural cavity is called the:

A

intrapleural pressure

27
Q

Approximately 98.5% of oxygen is transported bound to:

A

the iron atom in the heme of hemoglobin

28
Q

what provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange?

A

alveoli

29
Q

The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is to ________.

A

to secrete surfactant

30
Q

The air left in the lungs after a strenuous exhale is called the:

A

Residual Volume (RV)

31
Q

The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ________.

A

vital capacity

32
Q

Air moves into the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is:

A

less than the pressure in the atmosphere

33
Q

Simple squamous epithelium comprising the wall of an alveolus
Permit gas exchange by simple diffusion  Secrete angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) that helps to regulate blood pressure

A

Type 1 cells

34
Q

(secrete surfactant

A

Type 2 cells

35
Q

Surfactant does what to the surface tension of water molecules so that the alveoli don‟t collapse after each expiration

A

decrease

36
Q

connect adjacent alveoli  Allow air pressure in lung to equalize  Provide alternate air routes for alveoli that may have collapsed due to disease or injury

A

Alveolar pores

37
Q

constantly “sweep” the surfaces of alveoli to keep them sterile; as mucus is moved upward through the air passageways, dead and aged macrophages are carried upward

A

Alveolar macrophages

38
Q

surround and support the alveoli

A

Elastic fibers

39
Q

Breathing, or pulmonary ventilation, consists of two phases
– air flows into the lungs 
– gases exit the lungs

A

Inspiration

Expiration

40
Q

Respiratory pressure is always described relative to

A

atmospheric pressure

41
Q

Negative respiratory pressure

Positive respiratory pressure

A

is less than Patm

is greater than Patm

42
Q

pressure within the alveoli

A

Intrapulmonary pressure

43
Q

pressure within the pleural cavity

A

Intrapleural pressure

44
Q

Intrapulmonary pressure always eventually ? itself with atmospheric pressure

A

equalizes

45
Q

Intrapleural pressure is always ? intrapulmonary pressure and atmospheric pressure

A

less than

46
Q

Two forces act to pull the lungs away from the thoracic wall, promoting lung collapse
Elasticity of lungs causes them to ?
Surface tension of alveolar fluid draws alveoli to their ?

A

assume smallest possible size

smallest possible size

47
Q

elasticity of the chest wall pulls the thorax outward to enlarge the lungs

A

Opposing force –

48
Q

Lung Collapse will occur if:  Any condition (like chest wound) that equalizes ?
? intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures that keeps the lungs from collapsing.

A

Pip with intrapulmonary or atmospheric pressure causes immediate lung collapse.
the difference between

49
Q

A mechanical process that depends on volume changes in the thoracic cavity

A

Pulmonary ventilation

50
Q

with Pulmonary ventilation Volume changes lead to ?which lead to the flow of gases to

A

pressure changes

equalize pressure

51
Q

the relationship between the pressure and volume of gases P1V1 = P2V2

A

Boyle’s law

52
Q

Look at Boyle’s Law this way:
A gas always ? its container
Large container, lots of space between gas molecules causes ?
Smaller container, gas molecules are closer together

A

fills
less pressure
higher pressure

53
Q

when inspiration occurs The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles (inspiratory muscles) does what?

A

contract and the rib cage rise

54
Q

with inspiration The lungs are stretched and intrapulmonary volume ?
Intrapulmonary pressure ?
Air flows into the lungs, down its pressure gradient, until ?

A

increases
drops below atmospheric pressure (1 mm Hg)
intrapleural pressure = atmospheric pressure

55
Q

with expiration Inspiratory muscles ? and the rib cage ? due to gravity
Thoracic cavity volume ?
Elastic lungs recoil passively and intrapulmonary volume ?
Intrapulmonary pressure does what?
Gases flow out of the lungs down the pressure gradient until ?

A 
relax, descends
decreases
decreases
rises above atmospheric pressure (+1 mm Hg) 
 intrapulmonary pressure is 0
56
Q

External respiration
Oxygen ? and CO2 ? the lungs
Blood ? oxygen and ?

A

Enters, leaves

gains, loses Co2

57
Q

Factors influencing the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane

A

 Partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities (see below) 
Matching of alveolar ventilation and pulmonary blood perfusion (see below) 
Structural characteristics of the respiratory membrane (see below)

58
Q

the amount of gas reaching the alveoli

A

Ventilation

59
Q

the blood flow reaching the alveoli

A

Perfusion

60
Q

The role of Hb in oxygen transport:
Each Hb molecule binds ? in a rapid and reversible process .
The hemoglobin-oxygen combination is called?
Hemoglobin that has released oxygen is called ?

A

four oxygen atoms
oxyhemoglobin
reduced hemoglobin

61
Q

Transport of Oxygen – Hb:
when all four hemes of the molecule are bound to oxygen is called?
when one to three hemes are bound to oxygen is called?

A

Saturated hemoglobin

Partially saturated hemoglobin

62
Q

The rate that hemoglobin binds and releases oxygen is regulated by:

A

temperature,
blood pH, PCO2,
and the concentration of BPG (an organic chemical)  These factors ensure adequate delivery of oxygen to tissue cells

A P lab (5 decks)

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