respiratory system Flashcards by sheree weems

Each lung is surrounded by two layers of serous membrane known as pleurae. These are:
__________ pleura; covers the surface of the lung
__________ pleura; lines the thoracic wall
This fluid assists breathing movements by acting as a/an

1) VISCERAL PLEURA
2) PARIETAL PLEURA
lubricant

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The space in between is called the ____________ cavity and it is filled with ___________ fluid.
This fluid assists breathing movements by acting as a ________________.

1) PLEURAL CAVITY

2) PLEURAL FLUID

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Airways from the nasal cavity through the terminal bronchioles are called the __________________
zone.
The function of this zone is to _____________ and ______________ the air.
Is there gas exchange in this zone? ______

1) CONDUCTING ZONE
2) WARM AND MOISTEN
3) NO

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The respiratory zone contains ______________ where gas is exchanged. This zone consists of the
______________ bronchioles, ___________ ducts and _____________ sacs

1) ALVEOLI
2) RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES
3) ALVEOLAR DUCTS
4) ALVEOLAR SACS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the three types of cells in the alveolus:

CELL I, ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES, CELL II

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

. ______________; simple squamous epithelium
2. ______________; removes debris and microbes
3. ______________; secretes surfactant. Surfactant (decreases or increases) surface tension which
prevents the alveoli from collapsing.

CELL I
ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES
CELL II
decrease

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The thin respiratory membrane consists of the _____________________ epithelium and the
_____________ membrane of both the alveolus and the capillary

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS

BASEMENT

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The relationship between pressure and volume

boyles law

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Increased volume leads to

decrease pressure

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

decrease volume leads to

increase pressure

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Intrapulmonary pressure __ during inspiration

decreases

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What pressure is always negative and helps to keep the lungs inflated

intrapleural pressure

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

If transpulmonary pressure equals zero, what will happen to the lungs

collapse

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

List the factors that affect pulmonary gas exchange

surface area of the membrane
concentration gradient
thickness of the membrane
the distance of diffusion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

List the two ways oxygen is transported in the blood

physically dissolved within the blood plasma

- bound to hemoglobin within RBCs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When oxygen is loaded onto hemoglobin in the lungs, hemoglobin is called ?, and when oxygen is unloaded from the hemoglobin at the tissues, it is called ?

oxyhemoglobin

deoxygemoglobin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the three ways that carbon dioxide is transported within the blood?

physically dissolved within the blood plasma
bound to hemoglobin within RBCs
as bicarbonate (HCO3-)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

CO2 binds with water to form _________
the catalyst for the formation of carbonic acid is ____
carbonic acid dissociates into ______ and ______

carbonic acid
carbonic anhydrase
hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

when bicarbonate ions move out of the red blood cells, _____ ions move in. this is known as the _______

chloride,

chloride shift

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Even the most forceful exhalation leaves air in the lungs, this is called the (_______ _______), and is needed to (______ ______ ______).

Residual volume;

keep alveoli open

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Why is the rate of CO2 exchange roughly equivalent to that of O2 despite its less steep pressure gradient

CO2 is more soluble in water than is O2.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Surfactant ? surface tension, which prevents the alveoli from collapsing.

increase

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

is an event necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2?

pulmonary ventilation

internal respiration

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The alveolar and pulmonary capillary walls and their fused basement membranes are called the:

Respiratory Membrane

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?

the partial pressure gradient of the gases

The pressure in the pleural cavity is called the:

intrapleural pressure

Approximately 98.5% of oxygen is transported bound to:

the iron atom in the heme of hemoglobin

what provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange?

alveoli

The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is to ________.

to secrete surfactant

The air left in the lungs after a strenuous exhale is called the:

Residual Volume (RV)

The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ________.

vital capacity

Air moves into the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is:

less than the pressure in the atmosphere

Simple squamous epithelium comprising the wall of an alveolus Permit gas exchange by simple diffusion  Secrete angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) that helps to regulate blood pressure

Type 1 cells

(secrete surfactant

Type 2 cells

Surfactant does what to the surface tension of water molecules so that the alveoli don‟t collapse after each expiration

decrease

connect adjacent alveoli  Allow air pressure in lung to equalize  Provide alternate air routes for alveoli that may have collapsed due to disease or injury

Alveolar pores

constantly “sweep” the surfaces of alveoli to keep them sterile; as mucus is moved upward through the air passageways, dead and aged macrophages are carried upward

Alveolar macrophages

surround and support the alveoli

Elastic fibers

Breathing, or pulmonary ventilation, consists of two phases – air flows into the lungs  – gases exit the lungs

Inspiration | Expiration

Respiratory pressure is always described relative to

atmospheric pressure

Negative respiratory pressure | Positive respiratory pressure

is less than Patm | is greater than Patm

pressure within the alveoli

Intrapulmonary pressure

pressure within the pleural cavity

Intrapleural pressure

Intrapulmonary pressure always eventually ? itself with atmospheric pressure

equalizes

Intrapleural pressure is always ? intrapulmonary pressure and atmospheric pressure

less than

Two forces act to pull the lungs away from the thoracic wall, promoting lung collapse Elasticity of lungs causes them to ? Surface tension of alveolar fluid draws alveoli to their ?

assume smallest possible size | smallest possible size

elasticity of the chest wall pulls the thorax outward to enlarge the lungs

Opposing force –

Lung Collapse will occur if:  Any condition (like chest wound) that equalizes ? ? intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures that keeps the lungs from collapsing.

Pip with intrapulmonary or atmospheric pressure causes immediate lung collapse. the difference between

A mechanical process that depends on volume changes in the thoracic cavity

Pulmonary ventilation

with Pulmonary ventilation Volume changes lead to ?which lead to the flow of gases to

pressure changes | equalize pressure

the relationship between the pressure and volume of gases P1V1 = P2V2

Boyle’s law

Look at Boyle’s Law this way: A gas always ? its container Large container, lots of space between gas molecules causes ? Smaller container, gas molecules are closer together

fills less pressure higher pressure

when inspiration occurs The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles (inspiratory muscles) does what?

contract and the rib cage rise

with inspiration The lungs are stretched and intrapulmonary volume ? Intrapulmonary pressure ? Air flows into the lungs, down its pressure gradient, until ?

increases drops below atmospheric pressure (1 mm Hg) intrapleural pressure = atmospheric pressure

with expiration Inspiratory muscles ? and the rib cage ? due to gravity Thoracic cavity volume ? Elastic lungs recoil passively and intrapulmonary volume ? Intrapulmonary pressure does what? Gases flow out of the lungs down the pressure gradient until ?

``` relax, descends decreases decreases rises above atmospheric pressure (+1 mm Hg) intrapulmonary pressure is 0 ```

External respiration Oxygen ? and CO2 ? the lungs Blood ? oxygen and ?

Enters, leaves | gains, loses Co2

Factors influencing the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane

 Partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities (see below)  Matching of alveolar ventilation and pulmonary blood perfusion (see below)  Structural characteristics of the respiratory membrane (see below)

the amount of gas reaching the alveoli

Ventilation

the blood flow reaching the alveoli

Perfusion

The role of Hb in oxygen transport: Each Hb molecule binds ? in a rapid and reversible process . The hemoglobin-oxygen combination is called? Hemoglobin that has released oxygen is called ?

four oxygen atoms oxyhemoglobin reduced hemoglobin

Transport of Oxygen – Hb: when all four hemes of the molecule are bound to oxygen is called? when one to three hemes are bound to oxygen is called?

Saturated hemoglobin | Partially saturated hemoglobin

The rate that hemoglobin binds and releases oxygen is regulated by:

temperature, blood pH, PCO2, and the concentration of BPG (an organic chemical)  These factors ensure adequate delivery of oxygen to tissue cells

respiratory system Flashcards

(62 cards)