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Exam 1: DHHD 5001 > Cell Structures and Types (Larsen 1) > Flashcards

Cell Structures and Types (Larsen 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Levels of organization in a multicellular organism

A
  • Cells
  • Tissues
  • Organ
  • Organ system
  • Organism
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2
Q

Made of specialized cell types bound together with various extracellular products

A

Tissues

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3
Q

Made of 2 or more tissues forming a large functional unit

A

Organ

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4
Q

Made of organs with interrelated functions

A

Organ system

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5
Q

Made of organ systems

A

Organism

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6
Q

What is a tissue?

A
  • Structurally similar cells
  • Cell products (extracellular matrices)
  • Group of cells and their products together perform a function
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7
Q

What are the basic tissues?

A

Epithelium
Connective tissues
Muscle
Nerve tissue

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8
Q

Which tissue lines body surfaces and cavities, protects & performs glandular secretion?

A

Epithelium (Such as enamel, which is a product of the ameloblast, which is drived from epithelium)

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9
Q

Which tissue supports and protect tissues & organs?

A

Connective tissue

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10
Q

Which tissue is responsible for body movement?

A

Muscle

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11
Q

Which tissue transmits nervous impulses?

A

Nerve tissue

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12
Q

What is needed to make a tooth?

A
  • Epithelium
  • Connective tissue
  • Need to go from undifferentiated to specific cell fates
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13
Q

In making distinct tissues, ____ and ____ must be sensed and responded to by cells.

A

Time and place

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14
Q

In making distinct tissues, there must be ____ and ____ regulation of cellular products.

A

Temporal and spatial

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15
Q

Example of distinct cell types from same genome: Jejunum of small intestine

A
  • Complete digestion

- Absorb nutrients

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16
Q

Example of distinct cell types from same genome: Neuron

A
  • Communication
  • Movement
  • Sensory perception
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17
Q

How do we make distinct tissues?

A

Regulate gene expression for the appropriate amount in the proper place at the right time

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18
Q

DNA –> RNA Pol II –> ____ –> Protein

A

mRNA

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19
Q

DNA –> RNA Pol I –> ____ –> Protein

A

rRNA

20
Q

DNA –> RNA Pol III –> ____ –> Protein

A

tRNA, 5S RNA and other small RNAs

21
Q

Cell fates: Cells start ______ then _____ to perform specific functions.

A
  • Undifferentiated

- Differentiate

22
Q

Cell fates: Cycles of _____, _____, and _____ lead to organ formation.

A
  • Division
  • Differentiation
  • Morphogenesis (moving into place)
23
Q

Cell fates: _____ is important for maintenance.

A

Mitosis

24
Q

Cell fates: May become ______.

A

Post-mitotic (neurons and ameloblasts)

25
Q

Cell fates: May undergo ______.

A

Programmed cell death (ameloblasts)

26
Q

What did Brenner, Sulston and Horvitz win the 2002 Nobel Prize for?

A

Foundational studies which elucidated organogenesis

27
Q

Active, lighter staining because it is more open due to transcription

A

Euchromatin

28
Q

Closed off, compacted, not used

A

Heterochromatin

29
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

Equivalent to cytoplasm

30
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Boundary

31
Q

Perinuclear space

A

Pores used for export

32
Q

Moderately dense part of nucleolus

A

Fibrillar areas

33
Q

Fibrillar areas

A

: DNA sequences for the rRNA genes and rRNA transcripts

34
Q

Denser part of nucleolus

A

Granular material

35
Q

Granular material

A

The large and small ribosomal subunits being assembled rRNA

36
Q

Functions of the nucleus

A
  • DNA
  • RNA
  • Utilization of genome
37
Q

mRNA and tRNA come from _____.

A

Euchromatin

38
Q

Functions of the nucleolus

A

rRNA synthesis

39
Q

Permanent constituents of the cell that act as miniature “cell organs” and perform specific functions

A

Membraneous Organelles

40
Q

Membraneous Organelles

A
  • Mitochondria
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
41
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

ATP synthesis

42
Q

Mitochondria is ______ because it has its own genome.

A

Self replicating

43
Q

Network of tubules, vesicles and sacs that are interconnected

A

Endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth)

44
Q

Which ER is needed for making a tooth?

A

Rough ER

45
Q

Functions of RER

A
  • Protein synthesis
  • Glycosylation
  • Protein folding
46
Q

Function of golgi apparatus

A

Packages and exports molecules

Exam 1: DHHD 5001 (14 decks)

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