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Environmental Science > Stone Lab: Insect Morphology And Behavior > Flashcards

Stone Lab: Insect Morphology And Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

What are characteristics of Arthropoda?

A

They have many jointed legs, exoskeleton, and bilateral symmetry.

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2
Q

What are characteristics of hexapods?

A

They have an exoskeleton, three pairs of legs, pair of antennae on head, body segments (head, thorax and abdomen), and most have two pairs of wings.

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3
Q

Where do wings and legs attach in Arthropoda?

A

To the insects thorax.

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4
Q

How do insects impact negatively?

A

They are agricultural pests, forest pests, structural pests, vectors for human and animal diseases, and ectoparasites for humans.

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5
Q

How do insects impact positively?

A

They are detritivores, pollinators, soil builders, and indicators of good water quality.

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6
Q

What are insect sensory organs?

A

Antennae, ocelli, and compound eyes. Setae can connect to sensory cells.

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7
Q

What are the three main mouth parts of insects?

A

Mandibles, maxilla, and Labium.

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8
Q

What role do mandibles play?

A

They are involved in chewing, grasping, and cutting.

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9
Q

What role do maxilla play?

A

They are for tasting or manipulating food.

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10
Q

What role do Labium play?

A

They help with food manipulation.

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11
Q

What are the two types of mouth parts?

A

Mandibulate are chewing mouth parts, while Haustellate are sucking mouth parts.

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12
Q

What are the three types of chewing insects?

A

Chewing (grasshoppers), chewing-lapping (honey bee), and chewing-filter feeder (mosquitoes).

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13
Q

What are the two types of Haustellate insects?

A

Piercing-sucking (mosquito, horse fly, flea) and non-piercing (some flies, butterflies and moths).

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14
Q

How have Diptera mouth parts been modified?

A

They have a long labrum and loss of mandibles and maxilla.

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15
Q

How have Lepidoptera mouth parts been modified?

A

They have lost mandibles and labium. They have modified maxillae.

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16
Q

What are the parts of an insect’s leg?

A

Trochantin, coxa , trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus and tarsal claws.

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17
Q

What term describes legs modified for jumping?

A

Saltatorial

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18
Q

What terms describes legs modified for climbing or clinging?

A

Scansorial

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19
Q

What term describes legs modified for swimming?

A

Natatorial

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20
Q

What term describes legs modified for running?

A

Cursorial

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21
Q

What term describes legs modified for grasping?

A

Raptorial

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22
Q

What term describes legs modified for digging or burrowing?

A

Fossorial

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23
Q

What are the three sections of an insect’s digestive system?

A

Foregut, mid-gut, and hind gut

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24
Q

What structures form an insect’s foregut?

A

Pharynx, esophagus, crop, and proventriculus.

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25
Q

What is the function of the crop?

A

The crop is predigestion storage for food.

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26
Q

What is the function of the proventriculus?

A

It acts to break down food like a gizzard.

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27
Q

What functions occur in the mid-gut?

A

Digestion and nutrient absorption.

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28
Q

What is the function of the Caeca?

A

The caeca increase surface area for food absorption.

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29
Q

What functions occur in the hind gut?

A

Water and salt reabsorption and nitrogen compound excretion.

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30
Q

What structures act as an insect’s heart and aorta?

A

Dorsal vessels

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31
Q

How does hemolymph circulate in an insect?

A

Dorsal to ventral, then ventral to dorsal.

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32
Q

What are properties of hemolymph?

A

Transport and storage of sugars, amino acids and water, hydraulic pressure, wound healing and internal defense.

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33
Q

What structures make up an insect’s excretory system?

A

Malphighian tubules, rectum and colon.

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34
Q

What is the function of malphighian tubules?

A

They remove nitrogen waste and maintain salt and water balance.

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35
Q

What are the tracheal system components?

A

Spiracles, trachea, air sacs and tracheoles.

36
Q

What are spiracles?

A

Small openings (pores) along the insect’s abdomen that facilitate gas exchange.

37
Q

What are taenidia?

A

They are spiral thickenings that prevent tracheal system collapse.

38
Q

How do insects breath?

A

Oxygen is delivered through trachea. Breathing is through incidental body movement or opening/closing of spiracles.

39
Q

How do insects exhale?

A

They release carbon dioxide through the tracheal system and cuticle.

40
Q

What are the two types of respiration of aquatic insects?

A

They have gaseous respiration (oxygen enters tracheal system as a gas) and aqueous respiration (oxygen enters tracheal system in solution).

41
Q

What methods do aquatic insects use for gaseous respiration?

A

Tubes are a direct link to the atmosphere, bubbles act like temporary gills that need nitrogen replenishment, and plastrons are permanent physical gills.

42
Q

Although plants have poor nitrogen nutritional value compared to animals, what parts of plants can be consumed?

A

Leaves, twigs, bark, wood (borers), and roots.

43
Q

What are the three basic categories of insect plant feeding?

A

Parasitic (sap or small amounts of tissue), grazing (large amounts of tissue), and predatory (insect kills plant).

44
Q

What are the three feeding types for plant feeding insects?

A

Piercing-sucking (sap from phloem or xylem), rasping-sucking (scrape surface or interior of plant), and chewing (bite off large pieces of plant tissue).

45
Q

What are the three types of external insect plant feeders?

A

Exoparasites, grazers, and seed predators.

46
Q

What are four types of internal insect plant feeders?

A

Endoparasites (gall makers), miners (form tunnels between the upper and lower epidermis), borers (tunnel within and feed on tissues) and seed predators.

47
Q

Define polyphagy

A

Insects that eat many kinds of plants

48
Q

Define Oligophagy

A

Insects that eat species from the same family or genus

49
Q

Define monophagy

A

Insects that eat only a specific species

50
Q

What are advantages of oligophagy and monophagy?

A

Insects can easily detect food species, they have specific detoxification systems (to overcome plant defenses), and they efficiently use the plant.

51
Q

What are advantages of Polyphagy?

A

They have more food options, they search less for food, and they resist extinction better because they are not food species specific.

52
Q

What are some orders that participate in pollination?

A

Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Coleoptera

53
Q

What benefits do plants receive from pollination?

A

Dioecious plants need a pollinator because separate male and female plants and insects transfer pollen between plants.

54
Q

What benefits do insects receive from plants?

A

Plant provides nectar (sugar) and excess pollen

55
Q

What are some plant traits that facilitate pollination?

A

Nectar, sticky pollen, and synamones (fragrance)

56
Q

How do plants use color to facilitate pollination?

A

Plants use color on carpels, stamens, petals, sepals and leaves to attract pollinators and direct them to the proper structures.

57
Q

What name is given to the pollen packet of some plants?

A

Pollinia (it is sticky or contains attachment devices).

58
Q

What plant structure can serve as nectar guides?

A

Petal shape or coloration (including UV patterns)

59
Q

What are some physical structures of plants that facilitate pollination?

A

Landing platforms, trips to release pollen, traps, and some structures for specific pollinators.

60
Q

What structures are modified on insects to facilitate pollination?

A

Leg traps and crops

61
Q

Define polylexy

A

Insect pollinates many different species of plants

62
Q

Define oligiolexy

A

Insect pollinates plants within a family of plants

63
Q

Define monocle you

A

Insect pollinates a specific species

64
Q

What is the difference between nectar thieves and nectar robbers?

A

Nectar thieves obtain nectar without holes in the flowers, whereas nectar robbers create a hole in the flower to access nectar.

65
Q

What are some methods by which a plant attracts an insect by “false advertising?”

A

The odors of excrement or carrion and decoy flowers (shape, appearance or fragrance)

66
Q

What is myrmecochory?

A

Method of seed dispersal by ants whereby the ant brings the seed back to its colony. The ant consumes the elaiosomes, and the seed itself is buried.

67
Q

What is a myrmecophyte?

A

A plant with a close relationship to ants.

68
Q

Define phytotelmata

A

Water bodies held by terrestrial plants

69
Q

What are examples of social insects?

A

Ants, some bees, some wasps, and all termites.

70
Q

What are examples of parental care or lack of care?

A

Walking sticks just drop their eggs randomly, some true bugs provide protection for eggs or larvae, and some insects provide a good nest or food source for larvae.

71
Q

According to Michener-Wilson, what is a communal insect?

A

An insect that aggregates (shares nest but does own work)

72
Q

According to Michener-Wilson, what is a quasisocial insect?

A

An insect with both adult aggregation and parent/offspring aggregation.

73
Q

According to Michener-Wilson, what is a semisocial insect?

A

An insect that not only aggregates, but has a reproductive division of labor (dominance interactions).

74
Q

According to Michener-Wilson, what is a eusocial insect?

A

An insect with overlapping generations and cooperative brood care.

75
Q

What are characteristics of primitive eusocial colonies?

A

The queen is larger (10%), dominance interactions occur, and the males demonstrate individual recognition.

76
Q

What are characteristics of advanced eusocial colonies?

A

Usually no physical dominance after the queen is established, the workers are sterile females (no wings) and the males are sperm donors (winged).

77
Q

Describe the reproductive role of the queen.

A

The virgin queen mates to become a fertilized queen. She stores sperm for the remainder of her lifetime (spermatheca). She determines the sex of her colony with fertilized females and underutilized males.

78
Q

What is the social structure of advanced eusocial colonies?

A

The queen, the minor workers, the soldiers/major workers, and the males.

79
Q

How do colonies exhibit self-organization?

A

The workers are “hard wired” for behavior to accomplish necessary tasks.

80
Q

Why is self-organization an admirable trait?

A

Insects have existed for over 50 million years, they move more earth than earthworms, 75% of plants rely on social insects for pollination, 50% of woodland flower seeds are planted by ants, and honey bees support a $15 billion industry.

81
Q

What is temporary social parasitism?

A

The parasite queen enters the host colony, accepts host workers through aggression or conciliation, and kills the host queen. This results in a temporary mixed colony.

82
Q

What is piracy social parasitism?

A

The parasitic queen steals workers from another species and brings them back to maintain the parasite’s colony.

83
Q

What is facultative piracy?

A

The queen brings workers from another species to supplement her colony’s caste system.

84
Q

What is obligate piracy?

A

The host brood works for the parasitic queen.

85
Q

What is inquilinism?

A

It is an extreme form of piracy whereby the queen brings back workers from another species because her own lacks a worker caste.

Environmental Science (9 decks)

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