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Master Combined Science - Biology (Higher) > Combined Biology - 4.5 > Flashcards

Combined Biology - 4.5 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the cells that detect stimuli (changes in the environment)

A

Receptors

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2
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The regulation of internal conditions of a cell or organism to maintain optimum conditions for function in response to internal and external changes

or

“Maintaining internal body conditions”

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3
Q

Why is homeostasis important?

A

To maintain optimum conditions for enzymes and all cell functions.

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4
Q

List three things that are controlled by homeostasis.

A

1) Blood glucose
2) Body Temperature
3) Water levels

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5
Q

What is the gap between two neurones called?

A

Synapse

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6
Q

What type of signal travels along neurones?

A

Electrical

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7
Q

What type of signal is transmitted across a synapse?

A

Chemical

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8
Q

Q.

a) What does CNS stand for?
b) What two organs make up the CNS?

A

a) Central nervous system
b) Brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

Name the organ from the CNS that is not involved in a reflex response.

A

Brain

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10
Q

List, in order, the neurones involved in a reflex response.

A

sensory neurone → relay neurone → motor neurone

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11
Q

What are the two types of effector?

A

Muscles and Glands

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12
Q

Put the following stages in order for a nerve response.

Effector / stimulus / response/ coordinator / receptor

A
  1. Stimulus
  2. Receptor
  3. Coordinator
  4. Effector
  5. Response
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13
Q

What is reaction time?

A

The time it takes for an organism to respond to a particular stimulus

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14
Q

Q. What is the name for the group of glands that produce hormones?

Q. How do the hormones secreted by these glands get to their target organ?

A
  • Endocrine glands
  • They travel in the blood
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15
Q

Compare nerve and hormones responses

A
  • Hormones are slower and act in a more general way.
  • Nerve responses are faster and act in a more precise way.
  • Hormone responses act for longer than nerve responses.
  • Hormones are chemical signals. Nerve responses are electrical signals.
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16
Q

a) What is the name of the ‘master gland’?
b) Where is the ’master gland’ located?
c) What is the job of the ’master gland’?

A

a) Pituitary gland
b) Brain
c) Stimulate other glands to secrete hormones

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17
Q

Can you locate the following glands on the human body?

adrenal / thyroid / ovaries / testes / pancreas / pituitary

A
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18
Q

Which part of the body coordinates blood glucose concentration?

A

Pancreas

19
Q

Name the hormone that reduces blood sugar levels.

A

Insulin

20
Q

Describe how blood glucose is controlled if it gets too high.

A
  • The pancreas produces insulin.
  • Insulin causes glucose to move from the blood into the cells.
  • In liver and muscle cells, excess glucose is converted to glycogen for storage.
21
Q

What is the role of FSH in the menstrual cycle?

A

Causes an egg to mature

22
Q

What is the role of LH in the menstrual cycle?

A

Stimulates the release of an egg

23
Q

What is the role of Progesterone in the menstrual cycle?

A

Maintains uterus lining

24
Q

Q.

a) How does barrier method contraception work?
b) Name one type of barrier method contraception.

A

a) Prevents sperm reaching the egg
b) Examples include: condom, diaphragm e.t.c.

25
Q

Name the hormone produced in the ovaries

A

Oestrogen

26
Q

What is the name of the hormone produced in the testes?

A

Testosterone

27
Q

On what day of the menstrual cycle is an egg released from the ovaries?

A

Day 14

28
Q

What happens at ovulation?

A

An egg is released from the ovary

29
Q

What type of diabetes is inherited?

A

Type 1 diabetes

30
Q

Obesity is a risk factor for what type of diabetes?

A

Type 2 diabetes

31
Q

What would a doctor prescribe for someone that has Type 1 diabetes?

A

Insulin injections

32
Q

What would a doctor prescribe for someone that has Type 2 diabetes?

A
  • Regular exercise
  • Low carbohydrate diet
33
Q

In which type of diabetes is no insulin produced?

A

Type 1 diabetes

34
Q

In which type of diabetes is insulin still produced but is no longer effective?

A

Type 2 diabetes

35
Q

Name two hormonal and two non-hormonal forms of contraception.

A

Hormonal: Any two from: Pill, injections, implant, patch, some intrauterine devices

Non-hormonal: Any two from: barrier methods e.g. condoms and diaphragms, spermicidal agents, abstaining, sterilisation and some intrauterine devices

36
Q

Higher Q. Describe the stages involved in IVF.

A
  • FSH and LH injections given to mother to stimulate maturation and release of multiple eggs.
  • Eggs are collected from woman
  • Sperm collected from the father
  • Sperm injected into egg in laboratory (fertilisation)
  • Eggs develop into embryo then one or two viable embryos implanted back into mother’s womb.
37
Q

Higher Q. List three problems associated with IVF.

A
  • Emotional and physical stress for mother
  • Low success rates
  • Risk of multiple births putting mothers and babies at risk.
38
Q

Higher Q. Explain how blood glucose concentration is controlled if blood glucose levels are low.

A
  • Pancreas produces glucagon
  • Glucagon causes glycogen to be converted back into glucose
  • Glucose is released back into the blood.
39
Q

Higher Q. Where is adrenaline produced and what is its role in the body?

A
  • Produced in the adrenal glands
  • Involved in ‘fight or flight’ response to fear/stress
  • Increases heart rate and delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain and muscles.
40
Q

Higher Q. Where is thyroxine produced and what is its role in the body?

A
  • Produced in the thyroid gland
  • Helps control metabolic rate
  • Important for growth and development
41
Q

Higher Q. Explain how glucagon and insulin interact in a negative feedback cycle.

A
  • If blood glucose levels are too high, the pancreas secretes insulin which removes glucose from blood into liver and muscle cells where it is stored as glycogen.
  • Then, as a result, if blood glucose levels are now too low, pancreas secretes glucagon. Glucagon stimulates liver to turn glycogen into glucose. Glucose is then released back into the blood.
42
Q

Higher Q. What hormones are used to increase a woman’s fertility?

A

FSH and LH

43
Q

Higher Q. Explain how FSH, LH, oestrogen and progesterone interact in the menstrual cycle.

A
  • FSH causes egg to mature and stimulate ovaries to produce oestrogen.
  • Oestrogen stimulates release of LH from pituitary and inhibits release of FSH.
  • LH stimulates release of the egg.
  • Progesterone, produced by the ovaries, maintains uterus lining and inhibits the release of LH and FSH
44
Q

Higher Q. Explain how thyroxine is controlled by a negative feedback process.

A
  • If thyroxine levels are too high, release of TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) from pituitary gland is inhibited to reduce thyroxine levels.
  • If thyroxine levels are too low, TSH is released from the pituitary gland to increase thyroxine levels.

Master Combined Science - Biology (Higher) (7 decks)

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