11- Vitamins

Question 1

Which vitamins are fat soluble?

Answer 1

Vitamins K, A, D, E

hydrophobic, fat soluble. Stored in Fats.

If someone has malabsorption of fats they could lead to deficiency.
Toxicity is more common because we have storage.

Kool ADE man is fat

Question 2

Which are water soluble vitamins?

Answer 2

Bs and C.

Typically absorbed through Na+ cotransport directly to intestinal capillaries.

Question 3

Vitamin A

Action:

Answer 3

Retinol

Action: Needed for RETINAL in eye which combines with opsin to form rhodopsin.
Also works as transcription factor for normal growth of many cells, like epithelium

Question 4

Vitamin A deficiency

Answer 4

Vitamin A = retinol

1. Eyes: night blindness, corneal abnormalities
2. Epithelium: Epithelial metaplasia (abnormal division), increase risk of pulmonary infection

Question 5

Vitamin D

Action:

Answer 5

Cholecalciferol

Action: promotes Ca2+ absorption out of the gut thru formation of calbindin in intestinal epithelial cells.

Maintians appropriate plasma [Ca2+] and [HPO4] for bone formation, neuromuscular function, and general metabolism.

Can be self synthesized in skin

Question 6

Vitamin D deficiency

Answer 6

1. Rickets/osteomalacia: insufficient mineralization at long bone epiphyses. Bone pain muscle weakness
2. Hypocalcemic tetany: systemic or localized muscle spasms or twitching.

Question 7

Vitamin E

Action:

Answer 7

Tocopherol

Action: antioxidant, regulates gene expression and protects cell membranes, perhaps a cofactor

E for Excellent mEmbranes

Question 8

Vitamin E deficiency

Answer 8

1. Destruction of erythrocytes and resultant anemia (cell membranes compromised)
2. Demyelination of spinal neurons and resultant neurological dysfunction (cell membranes)

Question 9

Vitamin K

Action:

Answer 9

Phytonadione

Action: carboxylates clotting factors II (prothrombin), VII,, IX and X

Hint: K is for Klotting

Question 10

Vitamin K deficiency

Answer 10

1. Coagulopathy

Vitamin K can be synthesized by gut. loss of bacterial gut (ex. abx) could result in deficiency.

Hint: Warfarin (for PE/DVT) is antagonist of Vitamin K. wont clot

Question 11

Vitamin C

Actions:

Answer 11

Ascorbic Acid (water soluble)

Action: cofactor for prolyl hydroxylase, needed for synthesis of hydroxyproline in Collagen

Hint: Vitamin C for Collagen, not Colds.

Question 12

Vitamin C Deficiency

Answer 12

Scurvy: poor wound healing, cessation of bone growth, fragility of blood vessels (esp in gingiva)

Question 13

Vitamin B1

Action:

Answer 13

Thiamine

Action: Coenzyme in metabolism (Pyruvate dehydrogenase) of carbs and amino acids

hint: thiamine needed To enter The TCA cycle for aTp synthesis

Question 14

Vitamin B1 deficiency

Answer 14

1. Beriberi- edematous legs, fatigue, cramping of muscles, cardiac failure
2. Korsakoff’s syndrome/ Wernicke Encephalopathy
   - typically in alcohol abuse
   - - Poor nutrition (absolute thiamine deficiency
   - - gastritis/stomach inflammation results in malabsorption of thiamine
   - - psychosis with both retrograde and anterograde amnesia, eye signs, other

Question 15

Vitamin B3

Action

Answer 15

Niacin

Action: Building block for NAD+, needed for shuttling electrons to the ETC mitochondria

Hints: Niacin Needed for Nadh

Niacin flush when intake of lots of amounts due to prostaglandins.

Question 16

Vitamin B3 deficiency

Answer 16

1. Pollegra: caused by low protein diets, corn heavy diets

Three D’s: diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia.

Question 17

Vitamin B5

Action:

Answer 17

Pantothenic acid

Action: part of CoA, needed in acetyl transfer, especially for carb entry to TCA and for fat metabolism

hint: B5 for ‘Pent’

Question 18

Vitamin B5 deficiency

Answer 18

not proved due to wide availability of Vitamin B5

Question 19

Vitamin B7

Action:

Answer 19

Biotin

Action: cofactor for various carboxylation enzymes

Hint: biotin binds to avidin

Question 20

Vitamin B7 deficiency

Answer 20

Rare; antibiotic use or excessive eating of eggs (traps biotin)

Question 21

Vitamin B9

Action:

Answer 21

Folate

Action: coenzyme needed for DNA and RNA synthesis

Hint: Folate For Future Fetus. B9 for 9 month gestation

Question 22

Vitamin B9 deficiency

Answer 22

1. Neural tube defects in newborns: maternal supplementation in month prior to conception and first trimester
2. Megaloblastic anemia
   - - large immature erythrocytes (megaloblastic)
   - - Insufficient normal erythrocytes (anemia)

Question 23

Vitamin B12

Action:

Answer 23

Cobalamin

Action: DNA synthesis and methylation

hint: Cobalamin is Contained in Cobalt and Contained in Carne, vegans must take a vitamin can take dozens (B12) of different vegetables but must supplement to avoid deficiency

Question 24

Vitamin B12 deficiency

Answer 24

Demyelination and anemia.