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Pediatrics PLE > Nephrology > Flashcards

Nephrology Flashcards

1
Q

Most common chronic glomerular disease worldwide

More common in males

Predominance of IgA within mesangial deposits of the glomerulus

Normal C3 level

Gross/microscopic hematuria associated with URTI or GI infection 1-2days prior to its onset

A

IgA Nephropathy/Berger Disease

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2
Q

Treatment for IgA Nephropathy

A

ACE inhibitors and ARBs - proteinuria, proper BP control

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3
Q

X-linked disease due to mutation in the COL4A5 gene

All patients have asymptomatic microscopic hematuria
Bilateral sensorineural hearing loss
Anterior lenticonus

A

Alport Syndrome / Hereditary Nephritis

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4
Q

Presence of persistent microscopic hematuria and isolated thinning of the GBM on electron microscopy

A

Thin Basement Membrane Disease

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5
Q

Immune complex mediated reaction

It follows infection of the throat (1-2wks) or skin (3-6wks) by GABHS

Decrease in C3/hypocomplementemia

Gross hematuria, periorbital edema, hypertension and oliguria

Lumpy-bumpy pattern
Subepithelial humps

A

Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis

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6
Q

Best single Ab titer to document skin infection

A

DNAse B antigen

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7
Q

DOC for acute PSGN

A

Penicillin (10 days)

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8
Q

(+) anti-GBM antibody

IF: linear IgG, C3
EM: no deposits
LM: focal to diffuse proliferation with crescents

Associated with pulmonary hemorrhage, iron deficiency anemia

Treatment: cyclophosphamide, plasma exchange, steroids

A

Goodpasture Syndrome

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9
Q

Hallmark: Crescents in the majority of glomeruli

Rapid and relentless progression to ESRD

Acute nephritis with concomitant proteinuria, often with nephrotic syndrome

A

Crescentic glomerulonephritis / Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis

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10
Q

Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, renal insufficiency

Onset is preceded by gastroenteritis

Eating of undercooked meat and unpasteurized milk

Helmet cells, Burr cells, schistocytes on PBS

A

Hemolytic uremic syndrome

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11
Q

Most common form of Hemolytic uremic syndrome

A

Toxin-producing E. Coli

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12
Q

Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, renal insufficiency, CNS involvement, fever

A

Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

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13
Q

Sudden onset of gross/microscopic hematuria and unilateral flank mass, flank pain, oliguria, hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia

A

Renal Vein Thrombosis

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14
Q

Bilateral palpable flank masses in an infant with pulmonary hypoplasia, oligohydramnios/Potter fascies, hypertension

A

Polycystic Kidney Disease

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15
Q

Most common cause of Urinary tract infection

A

E. Coli

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16
Q

Fever, flack pain, nausea and vomiting, malaise

A

Pyelonephritis

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17
Q

Gross hematuria and dysuria, urgency, frequency, incontinence, malodorous urine, suprapubic pain

Associated with Adenovirus

A

Cystitis

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18
Q

(+) urine culture without any manifestations of infection

Most common in girls

A

Asymptomatic bacteriuria

19
Q

DOC for Acute Cystitis

A

Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (3-5 days)

20
Q

Treatment for pyelonephritis

A

Oral: Cefixime
IV: Ceftriaxone 50-75mg/kg/day OR Cefotaxime 100mg/kg/day OR Ampicillin 100mg/kg/day plus Gentamicin 3-5mg/kg/day

21
Q

Heavy proteinuria (40mg/m2/hr)
Hypoalbuminemia (<2.5mg/g/dl)
Hyperlipidemia
Edema

A

Nephrotic Syndrome

22
Q

Most common idiopathic form of nephrotic syndrome

E/M: flattening of effacement of epithelial cell foot processes

Normal C3 level

A

Minimal Change Disease

23
Q

Most common cause spontaneous bacterial peritonitis?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

24
Q

Increased T3 and T4; low TSH; (+) TRSAb

Anxiety attacks with palpitations, feeling of restlessness

Marked proptosis and fine tremors with increasing frequency

A

Graves’ Disease

25
Q

Low T4 & T3; elevated TSH

Prolonged physiologic jaundice

Birthweight and length are normal

Feeding difficulties, sluggishness, lack of interest, somnolence

A

Hypothyroidism

26
Q

Most common cause of thyroid disease in children and adolescents

A

Thyroiditis

27
Q

Stimulates osteoclasts to reabsorb calcium in the DCT

A

PTH

28
Q

Inhibits osteoclast activity thus decreasing calcium reabsorption

A

Calcitonin

29
Q

Most commonly due to a PTH-producing parathyroid adenoma that is not responsive to normal feedback regulation via an increased Ca concentration

A

Primary hyperparathyroidism

30
Q

High PTH production due to decreased Ca and resulting in compensatory parathyroid gland hyperplasia

A

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

31
Q

Persistent parathyroid hyperfuction in spite of hypocalcemia correction and preexisting secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism

32
Q

Most consistent x-ray finding in hyperparathyroidism

A

Resorption of subperiosteal bone along the margins of the phalanges of the hands

33
Q

Deficiency of 21-hydroxylase: increase serum 17-Hydroxyprogesterone

A

Congenita Adrenal Hyperplasia

34
Q

Deficient production of cortisol or aldosterone due to congenital or acquired lesion of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland or adrenal cortex

A

Addison’s Disease

35
Q

Gradual muscle weakness, general wasting, hypotension

increased skin pigmentation on face and hands, most intense around the genitals

A

Addison’s Disease

36
Q

Obesity with associated hypertension which is the result of abnormally high blood levels of cortisol resulting from hyperfunction of the adrenal cortex

A

Cushing syndrome

37
Q

Cathecholamine secreting tumor arising from the chromaffin cells

A

Pheochromocytoma

38
Q

Most common sex chromosomal aneuploidy in males

Tall, slim, underweight, long legs, small testes and penis

Associated with leukemia and lymphoma

A

47, XXY / Klinefelter Syndrome

39
Q

Cardinal finding in all girls with Turner Syndrome

A

Short stature

40
Q

Most common skeletal abnormalities in Turner Syndrome

A

Shortening of the 4th metatarsal and metacapal bones

epiphyseal dysgenesis in the joints of the knees and elbows

41
Q

Most common endocrine-metabolic disorder of childhood and adolescence

A

Diabetes Mellitus

42
Q

Diagnostic criteria Diabetes Mellitus

A

Random plasma glucose >200 mg/dl
Fasting plasma glucose >126 mg/dl
PLUS polyuria, polydipsia, unexplained weight loss with glucosuria and ketonuria

43
Q

Secondary nephrotic syndrome should be suspected in patients with

A

Proteinuria

Hypertension

44
Q

The antihypertensive medication of choice in ALL children with proteinuric renal disease at chronic kidney disease

A

Enalapril

Pediatrics PLE (8 decks)

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