Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medsci 317 > Lecture 11; Brain development Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 11; Brain development Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Define neuraldevelopmental disorders;

A

•Impairments in growth and development of the CNS

–Can occur in prenatal or postnatal life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are some examples of NDD?

A

–Neural tube defects, neuronal migration/proliferation disorders, synaptic disorders (e.g. Autism), myelin disorders (Leukodystrophies)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are some causes of disorders?

A

Multiple causes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are genetic disorders?

A

•Variation or a mutation in a gene–Random gene mutations, environmental exposure, inherited

Neural tube defects
Neural migrational disorders
White matter myelin disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Whats the most common birth defect?

A

Neural tube defects 1;500-1000 births

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a neural tube defect?

A

•Brain and/or spinal cord exposed at birth
–Defect in skull or vertebrae
–Incomplete closure of the neural tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the types of disorders from neural tube defects?

A

•Anencephaly, Encephaloceles, Hydranencephaly, Spina bifida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a strong cause of neural tube closure failure?

A

•Folic acid (vitamin B9) deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is folate required for?

A

– Folate required for cell production and maintenance during neural tube development (neurulation)

–Folate prior to and during pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is anencephaly?

A

No brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Encephaloceles?

A

‐ protrusion of brain through skull in a sac like membrane. Surgery effec9ve. Intellectual disability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is Hydranencephaly ?

A

missing cerebral hemispheres, replaced by sacs of fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is spina bifida?

A

opening of the spinal cord. Meninges or spinal cord herination

Most common NTD (~50%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a cruicial determinate of insut and outcome?

A

timing during development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When does majority of neural migration occur?

A

12-24 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does failure of migration usually cause?

A

•Failure of normal neuroblast migration often causes neurons to accumulate in unusual areas (heterotopias)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are some types of heterotopias?

A

–Focal (nodular heterotopias), Basically ‘clumps’ of neurons located in the wrong part of the brain
•All levels of the migration pathway (VZ to CP)–Diffuse band heterotopias
•Band of neurons formed in the WM beneath the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are some examples of disorders from migration interruption?

A

Lissencephaly, polymicrogyria, focal cortical dysplasia, schizencephaly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are some effects from neural migration interruption?

A

Epilepsy, intellectual disabilities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does migration completion depend on?

A

Completion depends on GABAergic neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is Lissencephaly?

A

Absent (agyria) or decreased (pachygyria) cortical folding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe type one l Lissencephaly?

A

E.g. Type 1 LIS
–Migratory defect occurs 12-16 weeks gestation
–Very thick 4-layered cortex
–Hypotonia (muscle weakness) at birth, develop progressive spasticity
–Seizures start within first few months of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do most Lissencephaly result from?

A

Most cases results from LIS1 gene disruption

–Encodes B-acetylhydrolase
–Degrades platelet activating factor (PAF)

•Accumulation of PAF impairs neuronal migration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the side effects of LIS?

A

•Early developmental delay, early diffuse hypotonia, spastic quadriplegia, seizures, severe intellectual disability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are subcortical Band Heterotopia ?

A

Bands of neurons are located in the white matter between the cortex and the lateral ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What causes majority ofsubcortical Band Heterotopia?

A

•Majority of cases due to mutations of the doublecortin (DCX) gene

–Encodes the DCX protein expressed in migrating neuroblasts
–Regulates cytoskeletal dynamics and neuroblast migration

DCX is important in growth cones and radial glial movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is focal cortical dysplasia?

A

Spectrum of abnormalities of the laminar structure of the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are some features of focal cortical dysplasia?

A

•Various cytopathological features
–Giant neurons
–Dysmorphic neurons
–Balloon cells (enlarged cell bodies but no dendrites/axons)

29
Q

What are the causes of FCD?

A

•Abnormal migration, maturation, and cell death

–Causes unknown

30
Q

side effects of FCD?

A

•Intractable epilepsy in children•Developmental delays

31
Q

What are Leukodystrophies ?

A

•Group of disorders characterized by progressive white matter degeneration

32
Q

What causes Leukodystrophies ??

A

•Mutations in genes that produce or maintain myelin–Oligodendrocyte death and myelin degeneration

33
Q

When do Leukodystrophies occur?

A

•Manifest during childhood (incurable, premature death)
–Symptoms vary according to the specific type of leukodystrophy
–Progressive decline in motor, cognition, and language skills
–MRI pathology typically hypomyelination

34
Q

What are some examples of leukodystrophies?

A

•Metachromatic leukodystrophy, Krabbé disease, Adrenoleukodystrophy, Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, Canavan disease, Childhood Ataxia with CNS Hypomyelination (Vanishing White Matter Disease)

35
Q

What is Vanishing White Matter Disease pathology?

A

Pathology: Oligodendrocyte cell death, diffuse disappearance of white matter, loss of myelin

36
Q

What causes vanishing WM disease?

A

Mutations in eIH2B1-5 genes (oligodendrocyte survival/apoptosis)

37
Q

What are the symptoms of vanishing WM disease?

A
  • Childhood ataxia (gait difficulties)

* Rapid cognitive decline (2-5 years)

38
Q

What is Phenylketonuria ?

A

•Metabolic disorder (1:10,000)–Mutation in phenylalanine hydroxylase

39
Q

What does PKU do?

A

•Baby cannot digest the dietary amino acid phenylalanine (e.g. in milk)

•Phenylalanine accumulates in brain
–Inhibits HMG-COA reductase to decrease cholesterol synthesis
–Oligodendrocytes do not produce myelin

hypomyelonation

40
Q

What is the consequence of PKU and what can be done?

A
  • Impaired brain development and intellectual disability

* Strict diet with no phenylalanine

41
Q

Can infectious diseases cause neural development problems?

A

•Some infectious diseases can be transmitted congenitally or in early childhood, and can cause serious neurodevelopmental disorders including schizophrenia

42
Q

Example one of infectious disease?

A

•Congenital toxoplasmosis (protozoa Toxoplasma gondii)
– domestic cat
–Can cause cyst formation in the brain; seizures; intellectual disability
–Most damaging in first trimester

43
Q

example two of infectious diseases

A

•Congenital syphilis can progress to neurosyphilis and brain defects
–Most damaging in third trimester

44
Q

example three of infectious diseases

A

•Measles can progress to subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
–Causes oligodendrocyte and neuronal cell death
–Mental deterioration and death within 3 years

45
Q

Example four of infectious diseases

A

•Congenital rubella syndrome linked to schizophrenia
–Also, hearing impairment and visual impairment
–First few weeks of gestation is a critical period for negative effects

46
Q

How can the immune system be damaging?

A

Immune reactions during pregnancy and in infant can produce neurodevelopmental disorders

–Sydenham’s Chorea

–Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal infections (PANDAS)

Both are autoimmune reactions against brain tissue following Group A Streptococcus bacteria infection

47
Q

What does inflammation against pandas and sydenhams chorea do?

A

•Kills neurons in the corpus striatum of the basal ganglia

48
Q

What does inflammation against pandas and sydenhams chorea do in terms of side effects?

A

•Abnormal movements of the body, emotional disturbances, altered cognition, tics, and obsessive compulsive disorder symptoms

49
Q

What is an example of an Perinatal Systemic Infection?

A

•Chorioamnionitis (maternal infection)

–Inflammation of fetal membranes due to bacterial infection
–Bacteria ascending into the uterus–Typically non-pathogenic (e.g., staph aureus

50
Q

What is maternal Systemic Infection associated with?

A

–Associated with high rates of motor (e.g. cerebral palsy) and neurocognitive deficits
–Fetal/newborn inflammation (inflammatory response syndrome)

•Neonatal sepsis (bacterial infection spread via blood stream)

51
Q

What is fetal inflammatory response syndrome?

A

•Chorioamnionitis associated with elevated levels of inflammatory molecules in fetus/neonate

52
Q

What does fetal inflammatory response syndrome result in?

A
  • CNS inflammation following systemic infection

* FIRS important cause of in utero/postnatalbrain injury

53
Q

How is fetal metabolism altered?

A

•Fetal metabolism altered by:
–Maternal nutrition (e.g., folate deficiency)
–Maternal neurotoxins/teratogens (nicotine, alcohol etc.) exposure, diabetes

= NDD

54
Q

What are some inherited metabolic disorders?

A

–In-born errors of metabolism (IEM)
– single gene defects in biochemical pathways (Phenylketonuria)
–Lysosomal storage disorders (intracellular structures responsible for break down of metabolic waste products)

=NDD

55
Q

How can diabetes mallitus affect children?

A

In children, diabetes can produce impaired neurodevelopment/cognition

56
Q

How does gestational diabetes effect babe?

A

In utero, a non-diabetic fetus can also be subjected to glucose effects if its mother has undetected gestational diabetes (~6% of all pregnancies)

–~10-fold increase in congenital abnormalities if during 1st trimester
–CNS defects including anencephaly and spina bifida
–Seizures
–Delays in motor and cognitive function in childhood

57
Q

What did the dutch study show regarding nutrition deficits?

A

hildren who were affected in the second trimester of their mother’s pregnancy had 10X increased incidence of Schizophrenia as adults

At 56-59 years of age, showed impaired cognitive ability due to accelerated brain aging

58
Q

What are tertogens?

A

Exogenous agents that causes birth defects

59
Q

When is each organ system most vulnerable?

A

Each organ system is most vulnerable to disruption at the time when it is developing most rapidly

60
Q

How is retinoic acid a teratogen?

A

Accutane (13-cis-retinoic acid) produced as treatment for acne
–>2,000 women using this during pregnancy had high rates of children born with birth defects
–Hearing and visual impairment, intellectual disability

61
Q

How many women drink when pregnanat?

A

•2% of women drink significantly during pregnancy (binge), 10% drink some

62
Q

When does fetal brain damage occur with alcohol

A

Fetal brain damage occurs at regular doses of 1-2 oz/da

63
Q

Describe the consequences to the child from perinatal drinking;

A
  • Infant: Problems with sleep, feeding, milestones, muscle tone, sensory information processing
  • Child: Hyperactive, poorly coordinated, learning delays
  • Adolescent/Adult: poor judgment, attention, problems with arithmetic, memory, abstraction, frustration/anger
64
Q

How does alcohol influence brain development?

A

Alcohol inhibits all stages of brain development, except neuronal death, which it promotes

65
Q

Describe the action of nicotine on the fetal brain

A

•Nicotine is a fetal neuroteratogen
–Targets nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the fetal brain
–Impairs cell proliferation and differentiation, synaptogenesis, and induced neuronal apoptosis
–Constricts placental blood vessels, to reduced blood flow/nutrients to fetus

66
Q

What are the babies outcomes from mother smoking?

A

Decreased IQ, depression, criminal behavior

67
Q

How does mercury effect the brain?

A

Spectrum of nervous system damage including neurodevelopmental behavioral disorders in children, visual impairment, impaired coordination, hallucinations, intellectual disability, depression, and death

68
Q

How does lead effect the brain?

A
  • Neuronal, astrocyte, and oligodendrocyte apoptosis

* Altered neurotransmitter storage/release

Medsci 317 (32 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions