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Bio 547 Fall > Ch 3- carbs + lipids, DNA > Flashcards

Ch 3- carbs + lipids, DNA Flashcards

1
Q

Polysaccharides

A

longer polymers than disaccharides, joined through dehydration synthesis

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2
Q

Starches

A

insoluble polysaccharides. chain of alpha glucose subunits

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3
Q

Maltose

A

disaccharide, alpha 1,4 glyocosidic linkage

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4
Q

Lactose

A

beta glycosidic bonds, galactose + glucose

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5
Q

cellulose

A

chain of beta 1,4 glucose subunits- we cannot digest this, its dietary fiber, humans do not have the enzyme to break down beta 1,4 linkages. unbrached.

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6
Q

amylose

A

type of starch, unbranched, alpha 1,4 linkages. 20% of a potato.

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7
Q

amylopectin

A

\alpha 1,6 linkages. “branched”. 80% of a potato- we can digest this! its a type of starch

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8
Q

peptidoglycin

A

bacterial cell wall. beta 1,4 linkage with NH , CO side groups coming off it.

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9
Q

chitin

A

structural polysaccharide. responsible for insect’s/lobster shells. beta 1,4 linkage. with NH, CO side groups coming off it.

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10
Q

Lipids

A

group of molecules insoluble in water. fats, waxes, oils, etc

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11
Q

lipids in water do what?

A

form micelles

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12
Q

Triglycerides

A

fat molecules. 3 fatty acids. glycerol + 3 fatty acids = triglyceride.

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13
Q

terpene

A

type of lipid. found in biological pigments, such as chlorophyll

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14
Q

steroid

A

type of lipid. play important roles in membranes, basis of chemical signaling . composed of 4 carbon rings.

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15
Q

prostaglandins

A

type of lipid. 2 nonpolar tails + 5 carbon ring. modified fatty acid. causes smooth muscle contraction.

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16
Q

waxes

A

esters of long chain fatty acids and long chain alochol

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17
Q

saturated fat

A

solid at room temperature, as the single bonds between carbons allow molecule to remain tightly packed.every carbon bonded to 2+ Hydrogens.

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18
Q

unsaturated fat

A

liquid oil at room temp: double bonds between some carbons prevent triglyceride from closely aligning

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19
Q

polyunsaturated

A

fatty acids with more than one double bond

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20
Q

phospholipids

A

composed of: head- glycerol, phosphate, choline. tail: fatty acids. form the core of all biological membranes.

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21
Q

trans fats vs cis fat

A

trans: H located across from each other. cis: opposite from each other. since no kink in chain of trans fat, result in higher melting point, more weight gain

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22
Q

amphipathic molecules

A

both polar and non polar. ex: phospholipids

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23
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

lipids lined up so that heads face out, tails face in: as seen in biological membranes

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24
Q

hydroxyl group

A

OH. polar, soluble in water. more OH groups = more soluble

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25
Q

Fatty acid structure

A

O

OH- C-C-C-…..

-this ionizes in aqueous conditions, and the H pops off

The C’s form a long nonpolar tails “hydrophobic” fears water.

And then the left part is the polar head. ‘hydrophilic.’

26
Q

what is the structure of an ester?

A

O

R-C-O-R

its just an O with C’s on either end

27
Q

How many carbons will you typically see in a fatty acid and what is the trend?

A

Fatty acid always has an even number of carbons. Reason is that its assembled from 2 carbon units. Numbers are usually like 12,14,16- not 60.

28
Q

Glycerol structure

A

H-C-OH +

H-C-OH

H-C-OH

29
Q

mono vs di vs triglyceride?

A

You could put 1,2 or 3 fatty acids onto a glycerol. Mono, di or tri glyceride.

30
Q

what is choline and what does it look like?

A

charged group on top of a phospholipid.

31
Q

draw the formation of a fat molecule

A

via dehydration synthesis: 3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol -> fat + 3 h20

32
Q

structure of carbonyl group?

A

basic structure: o-C-R-R. 2 varieties: ketones, aldehydes.

33
Q

structure of an aldehyde and example of one?

A

ex: glucose has an aldehyde group on the top

34
Q

ketone structue and example of one?

A

O-C-R-R

ex:

35
Q

amino group and properties?

A

H-N-H

R-NH3 is a proton acceptor, aka a base. SOLUBLE.

36
Q

methyl group structure and solubility

A

non soluble. R-CH3.

ex: pyruvate.

37
Q

carboxyl group structure and properties

A

COOH. acid form increases solubility- loses its H+ when it ionizes

38
Q

phosphate group structure and properties

A

in acid form, it increases solubility.

39
Q

glycogen

A

starch. long, branchy chain, alpha 1/4 linkage . looks identical to amylose/amylopectin. found in liver and muscles, excellent for energy stores (easy for amylase to hack off 2 glucoses at a time and use for energy)

40
Q

amylase

A

digests starch by breaking off 2 sugars (aka 1 maltose) at a time from a long chain

41
Q

maltose

A

alpha 1,4 linkage of 2 glucoses

42
Q

is glucose typically in D or L form?

A

D

43
Q

structural isomer and example

A

moving the actual backbone. ex: moving the carbonyl group glucose/fructose

44
Q

stereoisomer- and which carbon is it on?

A

same structure, but one side group is flipped in a mirror image. ex; glucose/galactose. it’s carbon #4 that flips.

45
Q
A
46
Q

hexose

A

6 carbon sugar

47
Q

source of energy from carbs is stored in which kind of bonds?

A

C-H bonds

48
Q

T/F: carbs are typically soluble in water

A

true! bc of all those hydroxyl groups

49
Q

suffix of ose is for who?

A

carbs/sugars

50
Q

why does orientation not matter for the last carbon in glucose?

A

not chiral- has 2 H’s on it

51
Q

Kinase

A

An enyzme that moves around phosphate groups.

52
Q

How do polymers string together?

A

dehydration/condensation reaction

53
Q

T/F: condenstaion reactions create covalent bonds

A

true

54
Q

how do you determine D or L for carbon?

A

you look at the asymmetric carbon farthest from aldehyde group. note : carbons 1-5 are asymmetric

55
Q
A
56
Q

what do the properties of glycogen versus chitin tell us about the role of sugars?

A

sugars can be used for energy storage (glycogen) or structural support (chitin)

57
Q

why do you put on weight as you age?

A

your body burns less energy and has a lower demand for carbs- if you keep eating the same amount, you will store them as fat

58
Q

what are the partial charges on peptide bonds?

A

partially negative charge on that oxygen, partially positive charge on the hydrogen. this explains why this hydrogen is DOWN

59
Q

sucrose

A

fructose + glucose

60
Q

cholesterol

A

type of steroid, so its a lipid. OH coming off at the end means its partially soluble. precursor for steroid hormones

Bio 547 Fall (27 decks)

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