Chapter 4 Addition To Metabolism

Question 1

Cellular Metabolism is what type of pathway?

What pathways are involved

Answer 1

Catabolic pathways

Glycolysis and the Lactic Acid Pathway

Aerobic Respiration

Metabolism of lipids and proteins

Question 2

Define Metabolism

Answer 2

Metabolism refers to the reactions in the body that involve energy transformations

Question 3

What are the two categories that metabolism is broken down to?

Answer 3

Catabolism - breaks down Molecules to release energy. (Exergonic)

Anabolism - synthesizes large molecules and requires energy (Endergonic)

Question 4

What is the energy source that transfers free energy to drive reactions?

Answer 4

ATP

Question 5

What does the brain use primarily as an energy source?

What does the skeletal muscles primarily use as an energy source?

What does the liver primarily use as an energy source?

What does the heart primarily use as an energy source?

Answer 5

Glucose

Fatty acids

Fatty acids

Heart

Question 6

Where are the two areas that glucose comes from?

Answer 6

The liver after glycogen is broken down and from eating a meal

Question 7

ATP is generated by two mechanisms, what are they?

Answer 7

After absorption, glucose is catabolized and enters glycolysis (Anaerobic)

The second mechanism is Kreb’s cycle/TCA cycle (aerobic)

Question 8

What are the four steps of the metabolism of glucose

Answer 8

Glycolysis
Conversion of Pyruvic Acid
Citric Acid Cycle
Electron Transport Chain

Question 9

Where does glycolysis take place, and how many ATP does it yield?

Answer 9

Cytosol

2 ATP

Question 10

Where does the TCA/Krebs cycle take place and how many ATP does it produce?

Answer 10

Mitochondria

2 ATP

Question 11

What does Glycolysis mean?

Answer 11

Breaking of Glucose

Question 12

During glycolysis what is the end result?

Answer 12

In.                 Out.
1 glucose.      2 pyruvic acids (3 carbon molecules)
2 ATP.            4 ATP
2NAD+.         2 NADH
2ADP
2Pi

Question 13

What acid is the branch point from glucose to citric acid cycle

Answer 13

2 pyruvic acids is the branch point from anaerobic to aerobic metabolism

Question 14

In glycolysis if metabolism were to continue in the absence of O2, NAH+ must be regenerated to allow glycolysis, what need to be formed?

Answer 14

Lactic acid

Question 15

Pyruvate is converted to what before proceeding into the TCA cycle?

What has to be present for this to take place?

Answer 15

Acetyl-CoA, which only happens in the presence of O2

Question 16

What is the purpose of Acetyl-CoA? What must it do to complete the cycle?

Answer 16

Acetyl-CoA must combine with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid

In a series of reactions, citric acid is converted back to oxaloacetic acid to complete the cycle.

Question 17

What comes out of the TCA cycle?

Answer 17

IN. OUT

1 Acetyl-CoA.           2 CO2
1FAD.                         1 FADH2
3 NAD+.                    3 NADH2
1 ADP.                        1 ATP
1 Pi

Question 18

How are protons pumped into the intermembrane space?

Answer 18

The enzymes that are within the inner membrane undergo oxidation-reduction reactions

Protons from NADH and FADH2 and electrons are passed from the TCA Cycle to the 3 complexes were the e- continues from the 1st complex to Q and so on until it reaches the 3rd complex

As NADH and FADH2 continue oxidize and protons are passed through the complexes a proton gradient is formed in the inter membrane. The H+ will then travel to ATP synthase where the ADP + Pi are converted to ATP this is oxidative phosphorylation

Question 19

What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC? What does this create in regard to the protons? (H+)

Answer 19

O2

This forms concentration gradient for H+

The released energy facilities ATP synthesis

Question 20

What are the two ways that ATP can be made?

Answer 20

Direct (substrate-level) phosphorylation

Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 21

How many ATP is generated during Direct (substrate-level) phosphorylation?

Answer 21

2 during glycolysis

2 during citric acid cycle

Question 22

How many ATP are generated during Oxidative Phosphorylation?

Answer 22

ATP is generated by the mitochondria

26-28 net ATP’s

Question 23

Define Glycolysis

Answer 23

The break down of glucose to 2 molecules of pyruvic acid

Question 24

Define Glycogenesis

Answer 24

The formation of glycogen, mostly stored in skeletal muscle and in the liver

Question 25

Define Glycogenolysis

Answer 25

hydrolysis of glycogen, which yields glucose-6-phosphate for glycolysis which happens in the liver, or free glucose that can be secreted into the blood.

Question 26

Define Gluconeogenesis

Answer 26

The production of glucose from non carbohydrate molecules, including lactic acid and amino acids

Primarily takes place in the liver

Question 27

Define Lipogenesis

Answer 27

Formation of triglycerides

Primarily in Adipose tissue

Question 28

Define Lipolysis

Answer 28

Hydrolysis of triglycerides

Primarily in adipose tissue

Question 29

Define Ketogenesis

Where does this take place

Answer 29

Formation of ketone bodies, which are four-carbon-long organic acids.

These are from fatty acids

This takes place in the liver

Question 30

Slide 17 of 22

Answer 30

Slide 17 of 22