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Honors HMO Anatomy > Lecture Test 4 > Flashcards

Lecture Test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

List the types of Neurogial cells

A 
Astrocytes
Microglial Cells
Ependymal Cells
Olgiodendrocytes
Schwann Cells
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2
Q

What are the 3 cell types fond in the nervous system?

A

Schwann Cells, Neurons, Neuroglia

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3
Q

Function of Astrocytes?

A

Most abundant, support and brace neurons and anchor to nutrient supply, form the blood-brain barrier

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4
Q

Function of Microglial Cells?

A

Defensive cell

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5
Q

Function of Ependymal Cells?

A

Permeable barrier, circulates CSF

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6
Q

Function of Oligodendrocytes?

A

Myelin Sheath

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7
Q

Function of Schwann Cells?

A

Myelin Sheath of PNS, vital to regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibers

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8
Q

Function of Neurons?

A

Responsive to stimuli and transmit electrical signal

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9
Q

Function of Neuroglia?

A

Support cells, surround and wrap more delicate neurons

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10
Q

Nissl Bodies

A

Clustered free ribosomes and rough ER

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11
Q

Neurofibrils

A

Bundles of intermediate filaments, maintain cell shape

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12
Q

Axoplasmic Transport

A

Movement of stuff to (Retrograde) and from (Anterograde) cell body

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13
Q

Cell Body

A

Biosynthetic center and receptive region

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14
Q

Axons

A

Conducting region of neuron

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15
Q

Dendrites

A

Main receptive and input regions (graded potentials toward cell body)

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16
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Protects and insulates fibers

Increases transmission speed of nerve impluses

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17
Q

Neurolemma

A

Outer layer of myelin sheath

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18
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

Gaps between schwann cells

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19
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons

Increases conduction velocity

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20
Q

Fastest neuron speed, slowest neuron speed, what makes it fast?

A

150 m/s = Fastest
1 m/s = Slowest
Larger diameter of axon and more myelin sheaths make it faster

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21
Q

How does an action potential cross a synapse?

A
  • Action potential reaches presynaptic terminal
  • Voltage gated Ca++ channels open
  • Influx of Ca++
  • Synaptic vesicles fuse with membrane (exocytosis)
  • Neurotransmitters released across synaptic cleft and diffuse to postsynaptic terminal
  • Causes Na+ channels to open and Na+ flows into postsynaptic membrane
  • If threshold is reached, then action potential is initiated
  • Neurotransmitter is broken down by specific enzymes in synaptic cleft
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22
Q

Excitatory Neurotransmitter

A

Causes depolarization of the membrane and promotes action potential generation

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23
Q

Inhibitory Neurotransmitter

A

Causes hyperpolarization and depresses action potential generation

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24
Q

One way Conduction

A

Refractory period ensures one way conduction.

Recovery period when Na+ channels hold to ‘recharge’

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25
Q

Temporal summation

A

2 excitatory stimuli close in time cause EPSP’s that add together

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26
Q

Spatial summation

A

2 simultaneous stimuli at different locations cause EPSP’s that add together

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27
Q

Facilitation

A

Post synaptic potentials (EPSP’s) evoked by an impulse are increased when that impulse closely follows a prior impulse

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28
Q

EPSP’s

A

Allows Na+ and K+ to diffuse simultaneously in opposite directions.
Helps trigger an action potential distally at the axon hillock of the postsynaptic neuron

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29
Q

IPSP’s

A

Reduces a postsynaptic neuron’s ability to generate an action potential
Hyperpolarized by making membrane more permeable to K+ and Cl-

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30
Q

Convergence

A

One neuron influenced by many others

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31
Q

Divergence

A

One neuron sending a signal to many others

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32
Q

Embryological development of the nervous system

A

Neural tube => Primary brain vesticles (Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain) => Secondary brain vesicles => Adult brain structures => Adult neural canal regions

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33
Q

Nerve

A

Bundle of fibers that transmits impulses of sensation to the brain or spinal cord and impulses to the muscles and organs

34
Q

Neuron

A

Specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses

35
Q

Tract

A

Large bundle of nerve fibers

36
Q

Ganglion

A

Structure containing a number of nerve cell bodies

37
Q

Nucleus

A

Collection of neurons (gray matter) in the brain stem associated with one or more cranial nerves

38
Q

Gray Matter

A

Consists of mainly nerve cell bodies and dendrites

39
Q

White Matter

A

Consists of mainly nerve fibers and their myelin sheaths

40
Q

Three layers of protection for the brain

A

Bones, Meninges, and CSF

41
Q

5 Major regions of the adult brain

A 
Perietal
Temporal
Occipital
Frontal
Prefrontal Cortex
42
Q

Function associated with Perietal Lobe

A

Touch

43
Q

Function associated with Occipital Lobe

A

Vision, Charactures

44
Q

Function associated with Temporal Lobe

A

Auditory/Smell/Taste

Auditory Association

45
Q

Function associated with Frontal Lobe

A

Planning, Language

Muscles of Speech

46
Q

Function associated with Prefrontal Cortex

A

Concept of Future/Past

Sense of Humor

47
Q

Primary Motor

A

Posterior portion of frontal lobe (central sulcus)

48
Q

Primary Sensory

A

Parietal Lobe (central sulcus)

49
Q

Basal Nuclei

A

Island of gray matter deep in white matter

Intensity of movement

50
Q

Internal Capsule

A

Impulses to and from spinal cord

51
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

52
Q

Limbic System

A

Both sides of thalamus

Emotion, Behavior, Motivation, Long-term memory

53
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Corpora Quadrigemina, Tegmentum, Cerebral Aqueduct, and Cerebral Peduncles

54
Q

Pons

A

Conduction Tracts; Bridge

55
Q

Cerebellum

A

Timing and pattern for skeletal muscles (agility)

56
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Cardiovascular and Respiratory

57
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Filters out repetitive stimuli
Regulates skeletal/visceral muscle
Maintains cortical alertness

58
Q

5 Basic Organizational Divisions of the Nervous System

A
  • Receptor
  • Sensory Neuron
  • Interneurons
  • Motor Neuron
  • Effector
59
Q

Monosynaptic reflex

A

Involves one synapse

60
Q

Polysynaptic Reflex

A

Involves more than one synapse

61
Q

Ipsilateral Reflex

A

Does not cross the spinal cord

62
Q

Contralateral Reflex

A

Crosses the spinal cord

63
Q

Tendon Reflex

A

Prevents putting more tension on a tendon than it can stand

64
Q

Crossed Extensor Reflex

A

Extension of a limb on opposite side of body during withdraw reflex

65
Q

Autonomic Nervous System Function

A

Regulate visceral activities

66
Q

Sympathetic of ANS function?

A

Fight or Flight

67
Q

Parasympathetic of ANS function?

A

Rest and Repose

68
Q

Fiber that releases Acetylcholine of ANS?

A

Ganglia, cholinergic

69
Q

Fiber that releases Norepinephrine of ANS?

A

Effectors of ANS, adrenergic

70
Q

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic functions of the following organs/Tissues

  • Iris
  • Tears
  • Salivary Glands
  • Blood to Muscles
  • Heart Rate
  • Blood to Digestive
A

Organ/Tissue Sympathetic Parasympathetic
Iris Dilation Constriction
Tears None Tears Flow
Salivary Glands Slows Increases
Blood to M Increases None
Heart Rate Increases Decreases
Blood to D Decreases None

71
Q

3 components of sensory unit

A

Receptor, Neural Pathway, Interpreting Center

72
Q

Categories of Receptors?

A 
Mechanoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Nocireceptors
Photoreceptors
Osmoreceptors
73
Q

Adaptation

A

(Except Pain) If a Stimulus does not change, the impulses sent decreases

74
Q

Projection

A

The brain makes us think a sensation is coming from an area that 1st felt the stimulus (Phantom Limb)

75
Q

Touch

A

Free Nerve Endings
Root Hair Plexuses
Tactile Discs

76
Q

Pressure

A

Light: Tactile/Meissiners corpuscles
Deep: Lamellated/Palinian Corpuscles

77
Q

Spinothalamic Tract

A

Sensory Data: PNS => Primary Sensory Cortex

78
Q

Corticospinal Tract

A

Motor Data: Frontal Motor Cortex => Muscles

79
Q

Types of Proprioceptors and Functions

A

Tendon Receptors: Tension
Muscle Spindles: Tension and Stretch
Joint Receptors: Joint Position

80
Q

Papillae

A

Bumps on tongue

81
Q

5 categories of taste

A

Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami

Honors HMO Anatomy (12 decks)

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