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Chemistry #yeet :) > 6.2 > Flashcards

6.2 Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

what are the 2 basic types of polymerisation?

A

addition

condensation

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2
Q

what type of addition polymer has the highest melting point?

A

isotatic

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3
Q

what are the 3 types of addition polymer?

A

isotatic
syndotatic
atatic

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4
Q

what is an isotatic polymer?

A

regularly arranged (the normal one), has the most desirable properties

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5
Q

what is an atatic polymer?

A

groups above and below carbons are randomly arranged.

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6
Q

what are the 2 main types of polymer formed from condensation reactions?

A

polyesters

polyamides

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7
Q

what is PLA?

A

polylactic acid

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8
Q

why is PLA good?

A

1) its monomer is lactic acid which comes from sugar cane which is renewable
2) it is photodegradable

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9
Q

what are the results of acid hydrolysis of a polyester?

A

diol

dicarboxyic acid

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10
Q

what are the results of acid hydrolysis of a polyamide?

A

diammonium salt

dicarboxylic acid

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11
Q

what are the results of alkali hydrolysis of a polyester?

A

dicarboxylate salt

diol

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12
Q

what are the results of alkali hydrolysis of a polyamide?

A

dicarboxylate salt

diamine

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13
Q

what is the speed of alkali hydrolysis of a polyester?

A

fast

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14
Q

what is the speed of alkali hydrolysis of a polyamide?

A

slow

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15
Q

what is the speed of acid hydrolysis of a polyester?

A

slow

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16
Q

what is the speed of acid hydrolysis of a polyamide?

A

fast

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17
Q

what does cyanide act as?

A

nucleophile

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18
Q

what are the 2 ways to increase carbon chain using cyanide?

A

1) nucleophillic substitution of a haloalkane

2) nucleophillic addition of a carbonyl

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19
Q

what does nucleophillic substitution of a haloalkane with cyanide require?

A

haloalkane
potassium cyanide
ethanol solvent

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20
Q

how are aliphatic amines prepared?

A

substitution of haloalkanes with excess ethanolic ammonia/amines

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21
Q

how are aromatic amines prepared?

A

reduction of nitroarenes using tin and conc HCl

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22
Q

what are the 2 steps of making a primary aliphatic amine?

A

1) haloalkane + ammonia –> ethylammonium salt

2) ethylammonium salt + ammonia ⇄ amine + ammonium halide

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23
Q

what are the 2 steps of making a secondary aliphatic amine?

Study These Flashcards
A

1) primary amine + haloalkane –> diethylammonium salt

2) diethylammonium salt + ammonia ⇄secondary amine +ammonium halide

24
Q

what are the 2 steps of making a tertiary aliphatic amine?

Study These Flashcards
A

1) secondary amine + haloalkane –> triethylammonium salt

2) triethylammonium salt + ammonia ⇄ tertiary amine + ammonium salt

25
when reacting haloalkanes and ammonia, how do you get mainly the primary amine?
use large excess of ammonia to increase the chances of the haloalkane hitting the ammonia and not an already formed amine.
26
what are the conditions of the reaction between a carbonyl and cyanide?
an inorganic cyanide salt, eg KCN or NaCN, in solution (ie aqueous) in acidic conditions
27
what is the mechanism for the reaction between a carbonyl and cyanide?
nucleophillic addition
28
do you get any isomers from reacting cyanide with carbonyls and any exceptions?
you get 2 optical isomers bc CN- cqn attack from top and bottom, true for any assymetric ketone and any aldehyde apart from methanol.
29
what are the 2 main changes to nitriles?
1) can be reduced to form amines | 2) can be hydrolysed to form COOHs
30
how many ways are there to reduce nitriles to form amines?
2
31
how many ways are there to hydrolyse nitriles to form COOHs?
1
32
what are the 2 ways to reduce nitriles?
using H2 or reducing agent
33
how do you reduce a nitrile using h2?
transition metal catalyst eg nickel 150C raised pressure
34
what is the general equation of reducing a nitrile using h2?
RCN + 2H2 --> RCH2NH2
35
what reducing agent do you use to reduce a nitrile?
sodium tetrahydroaluminate, LiAlH4
36
what is the general equation for reducing a nitrile using LiAlH4?
RCN + 4[H] --> RCH2NH2
37
how do you turn a nitrile into a COOH?
reflux with HCl
38
what is a friedel crafts reaction?
a method of electrophilic substitution to extend a benzene ring
39
what are the 2 types of friedel crafts?
alkylation | acylation
40
what does alkylation require?
haloalkanes
41
what does acylation require?
acyl chloride
42
what do friedel crafts reactions require?
halogen carrier
43
what is the halogen carrier used for in a friedel crafts reaction?
generating an electrophile
44
what are 2 halogen carriers?
AlCl3 | FeCl3
45
What is GC-MS?
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
46
what is a condensation polymer according to the mark scheme?
monomers join / bond / add / react / form polymer / form | chain AND another product / small molecule / H2O / HCl
47
suggest 3 benefits of using single stereoisomers in the synthesis of drugs.
no / fewer side effects increases the effectiveness reduces / stops the need for / cost / difficulty in separating stereoisomers / optical isomers.
48
how many bonds does nitrogen make for it to be positively charged?
4
49
if something has a double bond and ur explaining its shape how do u word it?
say it has however many bonding CENTRES-because technically it has more than that bonding pairs because of its double bond.
50
what is a use of a polyamide?
fibres in clothing apparently
51
how would u name a dicarboxylic acid?
-dioc acid. eg butanedioc acid.
52
HOW DO U GET FROM A NITRILE TO A CARBOXYLIC ACID
add AQUEOUS acid-you can't say dilute!! it's aqueous!!
53
when they say draw a SALT remember to...
draw the positive and negative ions!!
54
when an amine reacts with an acid what do u draw as the product?
the positive salt AND negative ion!!
55
how would u name something that was a ring of 6 carbons (not aromatic) with an OH coming off it?
cyclohexanol.

Chemistry #yeet :) (13 decks)

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