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Paediatric Interventions > Acute Respiratory Illnesses in Paediatrics > Flashcards

Acute Respiratory Illnesses in Paediatrics Flashcards

1
Q

What causes pneumonia?

A

It is caused by a virus, bacteria or mycoplasma

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2
Q

What occurs during the immune response to infective process of pneumonia?

A
  • release of cytokines
  • subsequent inflammation and cell destruction
  • alveoli fill with fluid made of various white blood cells
  • oxygenation is impaired as a result
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3
Q

What are the early signs of pneumonia?

A
  • cough
  • pyrexia
  • breathlessness
  • chest pain
  • vomiting
  • convulsions
  • loss of consciousness
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4
Q

How is pneumonia diagnosed?

A

Chest x-ray

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5
Q

What is involved in the general management of pneumonia?

A
  • antibiotic therapy
  • pain relief
  • fluids
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6
Q

What is the most common severe lower respiratory tract disease in infancy?

A

Bronchiolitis

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7
Q

What is bronchiolitis?

A

A viral infection of the respiratory tract commonly caused by Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

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8
Q

What pathophysiology is involved in bronchiolitis?

A
  • acute inflammation, oedema and necrosis of the epithelial cells lining the bronchioles
  • immune response
  • bronchospasm
  • obstruction of the small airways
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9
Q

Clinical presentation of bronchiolitis

A
  • runny nose
  • lethargy
  • coughing
  • auscultation: wheeze +/- fine inspiratory crackles
  • increased work of breathing
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10
Q

What is the common name for pertussis, and what causes it?

A

Whooping cough is caused by the organism Bordatella pertussis

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11
Q

Clinical presentation of pertussis

A
  • cold like symptoms for 7-10 days
  • paroxysmal cough with thick tenacous sputum
  • hypoxia and apnoea, leading
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12
Q

Clinical presentation of pertussis

A
  • cold like symptoms for 7-10 days
  • paroxysmal cough with thick tenacous sputum
  • hypoxia and apnoea, leading to seizures, intracranial bleeding and encephalopathy
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13
Q

Is there any indication for physiotherapy for the management of pertussis?

A

No

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14
Q

What is croup?

A

Inflammation of the upper airway triggered by recent infection

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15
Q

What are the common symptoms of croup?

A
  • coryzal, harsh barking cough
  • hoarse voice
  • stridor
  • respiratory failure
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16
Q

What does the medical management of croup involve?

A
  • oxygen and minimal handling
  • nebulised adrenaline
  • glucocorticoids
  • intubation if necessary
17
Q

What does the medical management of croup involve?

A
  • oxygen and minimal handling
  • nebulised adrenaline
  • glucocorticoids
  • intubation if necessary
18
Q

Is physiotherapy indicated for the management of croup?

A

No, physiotherapy is contraindicated in the non-intubated child with croup

19
Q

What is asthma?

A

Chronic inflammatory process within the airway

20
Q

What are the common triggers of asthma?

A
  • Allergens (dust, pollen)
  • Exercise
  • Emotion
21
Q

What is involved in the medical management of asthma?

A
  • Education
  • Asthma Action Plans
  • Drug therapy
22
Q

Is there any indication for physiotherapy in the management of asthma?

A

No routine indication for chest physiotherapy in asthma

23
Q

What percentage of cerebral palsy deaths are caused by penumonia?

A

39.4%

24
Q

What factors can predict respiratory dysfunction in children with cerebral palsy?

A
  • Spinal deformity
  • Neck rotation deformity
  • Severe asymmetrical posture
  • Severity of motor dysfunction
25
Q

What problems does medical management of lung disease in children with cerebral palsy attempt to address?

A
  1. Pulmonary aspiration
  2. Impaired mucociliary clearance
  3. Infection
  4. Scoliosis
  5. Upper airway obstruction
  6. Lower airway obstruction
26
Q

How is pulmonary aspiration managed in CP children with lung disease?

A
  • Thickened feeds and anti-reflux treatment

- Gastrostomy and fundoplication

27
Q

How is pulmonary aspiration managed in CP children with lung disease?

A
  • Thickened feeds and anti-reflux treatment
  • Gastrostomy and fundoplication
  • Control of saliva
28
Q

How is impaired mucociliary clearance managed in CP children with lung disease?

A
  • inhalation of saline/hypertonic saline or bronchodilators

- physical therapy to assist secretion removal

29
Q

When are airway clearance techniques indicated for the management of children with cerebral palsy?

A

If they have difficulty clearing excessive secretions of lower respiratory tract

Paediatric Interventions (23 decks)

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