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Year 2 GI (JK) > Development of alimentary (digestive) system > Flashcards

Development of alimentary (digestive) system Flashcards

1
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

A single layered blastula –> trilaminar gastrula forming the 3 germ layers

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2
Q

What are the 3 germ layers?

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

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3
Q

What are the general components of the alimentary system and where does it run from?

A

Mouth to anus (the tract) with associated glands and organs eg liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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4
Q

What week does the primordial gut from?

A

Week 4

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5
Q

What are the 2 ends of the primordial gut called and what end is broader?

A

Cranial and caudal with the cranial end being broader

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6
Q

What is the cranial end of the primordial gut closed by?

A

Oropharnygeal membrane

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7
Q

What is the caudal end of the primordial gut closed by?

A

Cloacal membrane

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8
Q

As the head and tail folds what part is taken in by the embryo?

A

Yolk sac

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9
Q

Name the 3 parts of the primordial gut tube

A

foregut, midgut and hindgut

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10
Q

What part of the primordial gut forms most of the gut, epithelium and glands

A

Endoderm

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11
Q

What does the intraembryonic coelom give rise to?

A

Embryonic body cavity

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12
Q

What will the embryonic cavity give rise to?

A

Peritoneum, pericardium and pleural cavities

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13
Q

What are the constituents of the foregut?

A

Primordial pharynx, LRT, oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, liver, biliary apparatus and pancreas

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14
Q

What does the tracheoesophageal ridge divide?

A

Divides the trachea and oesophagus

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15
Q

Oesophageal atresia is due to what?

A

The oesophagus not growing properly

Failure of recanlization

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16
Q

What is polyhydraminios

A

The accumulation of excess amniotic fluid

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17
Q

What is a tracheosophageal fistula?

A

Trachea and oesophagus communicate due to the abnormal deviation of septum

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18
Q

What degrees and in which direction does the stomach rotate?

A

90, clockwise

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19
Q

What is the dorsal mesogastrium?

A

The portion of the dorsal mesentery attached to the greater curvature of the stomach

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20
Q

What does the dorsal mesogastrium develop into?

A

Greater omentum

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21
Q

When the stomach rotates to the left, a space is made behind the stomach? What does this become?

A

Lesser omentum/ omental bursa

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22
Q

What nerves supply the liver?

A

vagus (left and right)

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23
Q

What is hypertrophic pyloric stenosis?

A

When the child will vomit everything up as the pyloric sphincter is enlarged

24
Q

What are some common causes of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis?

A

monozygotic twins
Higher in males
Genetics

25
Q

What does the hepatic diverticulum give rise to?

A

Liver - sinusoids and vessels

26
Q

Briefly describe 2 anomalies of the liver

A

Accessory hepatic ducts

Extra hepatic biliary atresia - obliteration of bile ducts

27
Q

How do the 2 buds of the pancreas join?

A

Ventral and dorsal buds join due to the rotation of the stomach

28
Q

Which parts of the pancreas do the ventral and dorsal buds make?

A

Head

most of pancreas

29
Q

What is annular pancreas?

A

The ventral bud fails to migrate around the duodenum properly causing stenosis

30
Q

What is accessory pancreatic tissue?

A

Pancreatic tissue in other parts of the foregut

31
Q

What week does the dorsal mesogastrium develop?

A

week 4

32
Q

What week does the mesenchyme form the spleen?

A

week 5

33
Q

Is the spleen mesodermal or endodermal derivative?

A

mesodermal

34
Q

Name the parts of the midgut

A

Duodenum (distal part), jejunum, ileum, caecum, appendix, ascending colon, proximal 2/3 transverse colon

35
Q

State the 4 stages of the midgut looping

A

Herniation, rotation, retraction and fixation

36
Q

What kind of herniation is involved in gut looping and briefly explain

A

The midgut herniates into the umbilical cord (yolk sac)

37
Q

What degrees does the midgut loop in umbilical cord?

A

90 degrees counter clockwise

38
Q

What degrees does the midgut loop retract?

A

180 degrees counterclockwise

39
Q

What degrees does the stomach and midgut loop rotate?

A

90 degrees clockwise

270 degrees anticlockwise

40
Q

What is formed if the vitelline duct persists?

A

Meckel diverticulum due to narrowing of ileum lumen

41
Q

What can form from the persistence of the vitelline duct?

A

fistula, vitelline cyst/ ligament

42
Q

What does the vitelline duct join?

A

Yolk sac to midgut lumen

43
Q

What is omphalocele?

A

The herniation of abdominal viscera through an enlarged umbilical ring due to the failure of retraction of herniated loops

44
Q

What organs are often involved with omphalocele?

A

Liver, stomach and intestinal loops

45
Q

What are the organs protruding in omphalocele enclosed by?

A

Amnion layer covering the viscera

46
Q

What is gastroschisis?

A

A muscular defect with the herniation of abdominal contents through the body wall into the amniotic cavity

47
Q

What causes gastrochisis and what are the thought causes?

A

The contents are returned to the abdomen but enter back into the umbilicus
Cocaine and tobacco use

48
Q

Name the parts of the hindgut

A

distal 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, upper part of anal canal

49
Q

What does the endoderm of hindgut also go on to make?

A

Bladder and urethra lining

50
Q

What is the cloaca?

A

The expanded terminal part of the hindgut and endoderm lined chamber

51
Q

What is the allantois?

A

The ventral part (diverticula) of the cloaca

52
Q

What is the cloacal membrane?

A

Separates cloaca and anal pit

53
Q

What week does the cloacal membrane rupture?

A

End of week 7 for an opening

54
Q

What is the job of the urorectal septum?

A

To divide the rectum and bladder

hindgut and urogenital sinus

55
Q

The proliferation of what causes the closing of the claudal end?

A

Ectoderm of anal canal

56
Q

When does the anal canal reopen?

A

week 9

57
Q

What is imperforate anus?

A

When the anal membrane fails to break down

Year 2 GI (JK) (39 decks)

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