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MS1422017S2 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What divides the frontal lobe and the parietal/temporal lobes?

A

Central sulcus

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2
Q

What divides the occipital lobe and the temporal/parietal lobes?

A

The parietooccipital sulcus and the preoccipital notch

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3
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex, what lobe is it a part of and what side of the brain and what is the function of it?

A

In the precentral gyrus, part of the frontal lobe and on the left hemisphere of the brain. It actions motor nerves.

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4
Q

What is associated with the frontal association cortex?

A

Intelligence, behaviour, mood, cognitive function and personality

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5
Q

Where is the motor planning area, what lobe is it a part of and what side of the brain and what is the function of it?

A

It is to the left of the primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe in the left hemisphere of the brain. It figures out which nerves need to be innervated to activate a certain muscle.

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6
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex, what lobe is it a part of and what side of the brain and what is the function of it?

A

It is next to wernickes area in the temporal lobe just below the lateral fissure. It gets sound from the periphery and breaks it down into its individual tones - a tonotopic representation.

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7
Q

Where is the wernickes area, what lobe is it a part of and what side of the brain and what is the function of it?

A

Is next to the primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe just below the lateral fissure. It interprets and understands the sound.

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8
Q

What is associated with the temporal association cortex?

A

Memory, mood, aggression and intelligence

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9
Q

Where is the SMGLA/AGLA, what lobe is it a part of and what side of the brain and what is the function of it?

A

These are found in the parietal lobe in the left hemisphere and they are involved in reading and writing

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10
Q

What is associated with the parietal association cortex?

A

Spacial skills, 3D recognition i.e shapes, faces, concepts and abstract perception

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11
Q

Where is brocas area, what lobe is it a part of and what side of the brain and what is the function of it?

A

Is an area in the motor planning cortex in the frontal lobe of the brain on the left hemisphere that is associated with the formulation of speech. It plans what muscles of the face should move in order to speak.

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12
Q

Where is the primary sensory cortex, what lobe is it a part of and what side of the brain and what is the function of it?

A

Is the postcentral gyrus in the parietal lobe on the left hemisphere of the brain. It is associated with sensations where the bigger the area on the humunculus, the more sensory neurons.

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13
Q

What is the arcuate fassiculus?

A

A bundle of arc shaped fibres that are used to send messages from wernickes to brocas areas

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14
Q

What is exeners area?

A

An area in the motor planning area that is associated with hand movement

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of aphasias?

A
  • Fluent/wernickes
  • Non-fluent/ Brocas
  • Connectional
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16
Q

Describe fluent/wernickes aphasia:

A

Patient can hear sounds but not understand or interpret them. They can still speak and activate the right muscles to vocalise but they cannot understand what is being vocalised.

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17
Q

Describe non-fluent/brocas aphasia:

A

Patient can understand and interpret sounds but cannot vocalise a response. They cannot get the sound out because their motor planning is compromised.

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18
Q

Describe connectional aphasia:

A

Damage to the arcuate fasiculus results in the patient being able to understand what is coming in but their verbal response would not relate. Patient would still be able to read and write using supramarginal and angular gyrus and exeners area

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19
Q

If you hear something, describe the pathways across the brain that would be undertaken to verbalise a response:

A

The primary auditory cortex would get the sound and break it down into its individual tones so that wernickes can understand and interpret it. Once it has done this it sends the message across the arcuate fasiculus to brocas area which will decide what muscles of the face to activate and then the primary motor cortex will activate the muscles required for vocalisation.

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20
Q

Where are all of the functional areas relating to the speech and language located?

A

On the dominant hemisphere, usually the left

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21
Q

When looking at a medial view of the brain what would you see on the occipital lobe?

A

The primary visual cortex surrounding the calcarine sulcus with the secondary visual cortex surrounding it going down into the temporal lobe too.

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22
Q

What are the 4 parts of the spine?

A

Cervical, thorasic, lumbar and sacrum

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23
Q

How many total nerves are there in the spine?

A

31 pairs

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24
Q

For the part of the spine, how many nerves are there and how many vertebrae: cervical

A

8 pairs of nerves and 7 pairs of vertebrae

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25
Q

For the part of the spine, how many nerves are there and how many vertebrae: thorasic:

A

12 pairs of nerves and 12 pairs of vertebrae

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26
Q

For the part of the spine, how many nerves are there and how many vertebrae: lumbar

A

5 pairs of nerves and 5 vertebrae

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27
Q

For the part of the spine, how many nerves are there and how many vertebrae: sacrum

A

5 nerves and 5 vertebrae

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28
Q

What nerve is right at the very bottom of the spine to make up the last of the 31 total pairs of nerves?

A

1 pair of coccygeal nerves

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29
Q

Describe the cervical enlargement:

A

It is at C5 and is an enlargement to make more space for all of the nerves coming/going to the arms

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30
Q

Describe the lumbar enlargement:

A

It is an enlargement at T9 that is there because of all the nerves coming/going to the legs

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31
Q

What is the role of the non-dominant hemisphere?

A
  • Non verbal language e.g body language
  • Emotional expression e.g tone
  • Spatial skills (3D)
  • Conceptual understanding
  • Artistic/musical skills
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32
Q

What are effects of an injury involving the non-dominant hemisphere (right)?

A
  • loss of non-verbal language
  • speech lacks emotion
  • spatial disorientation
  • inability to recognise familiar objects
  • loss if musical appretiation
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33
Q

What are cauda equina?

A

Nerves that go down and out of the spine

34
Q

In the somatic nervous system, what are the 2 types of peripheral receptors and what type of info do they carry?

A
  1. Meiseners corpuscles - Touch

2. Pacinian corpuscles - Pressure

35
Q

What type of nerves take discriminative (touch and pressure) to the brain?

A

Myelinated

36
Q

What type of nerves take non-discriminative info (pain and temperature) to the brain?

A

U myelinated nerves with a free nerve ending

37
Q

Incoming info comes in through what part of the spinal chord?

A

The dorsal root

38
Q

Where do nerves leaving the spinal chord come out of?

A

The ventral root

39
Q

What is the dorsal root ganglia?

A

Where incoming neurons have their cells bodies (pseudounipolar neurons)

40
Q

What are the dorsal colums?

A

They are made up of the cunneate fasiculus (upper body) and the gracile fasiculus (lower body) which are homunculus representations

41
Q

Is the dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway for touch and pressure or pain and temperature?

A

touch and pressure

42
Q

Is the spinothalamic tract pathway for touch and pressure or pain and temperature?

A

Pain and temperature

43
Q

Describe the touch and pressure pathway: dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway:

A

The peripheral receptors detect touch and pressure (pacinian corpuscles = pressure, meisner corpuscles = touch). These receptors convey their info via myelinated axons at 50m/s. The nerves enter the spinal chord at the dorsal root and they have their cell bodies located at the dorsal root ganglion. Some of these neurons synapse at the dorsal grey horn whilst others carry on to the dorsal columns. For the ones that synapse at the dorsal grey horn, thousands of nerves converge onto a single neruon to then go to the dorsal columns to take up less space. The nerves from the gracile and cunneate fasiculus then synapse in the medulla either in the gracile or cunneate nuclei these are called 1st order neurons. These nerves then decussate forming the internal arcuate fibres as they cross over to the other side of the medulla. They then travel up the ventral posterior thalamus via the medial lemniscus where they synapse (2nd order neurons). From the ventral posterior thalamus, 3rd order fibres travel via the internal capsule to the primary sensory cortex (postcentral gyrus) that corresponds to the part of the body that the tough or pressure sensation was detected.

44
Q

Describe the pain and temperature pathway: the lateral spinothalamic tract pathway:

A

There are free nerve endings in the skin that detects pain and temperature and conveys this info via non-myelinated axons at a speed of 1m/s. These nerves enter the dorsal root of the spinal chord and have their cell bodies at the dorsal root ganglion. These nerves then synapse at the dorsal grey horn and are 1st order nerves. They then synapse with the 2nd order nerves and they travel through the grey matter and decussates to the other side of the same spinal segmental level and into the anterior white matter (lateral spinothalamic tract). These neurons travel via the lateral spinothalamic tract to the ventral posterior thalamus where the 2nd order neurons synapse with 3rd oder ones which travel through the internal capsule to the area of the primary sensory cortex that corresponds to the region of where the pain/temp is coming from.

45
Q

For the discriminatory pathway (touch and pressure) describe the start, middle and end for nerve 1

A

Primary root afferens
Dorsal column
Gracile and cunneate nucleus

46
Q

For the discriminatory pathway (touch and pressure) describe the start, middle and end for nerve 2:

A

Gracile and cunneate nucleus
Medial lemniscus
Ventroposterior thalamus

47
Q

For the discriminatory pathway (touch and pressure) describe the start, middle and end for nerve 3:

A

Ventro-poterior thalamus
Internal capsule
Primary sensory cortex

48
Q

For the non-discriminatory pathway (pain and temp), describe the start, middle and end for nerve 1:

A

Primary root affernens
Dorsal root glanglion
Dorsal grey horn

49
Q

For the non-discriminatory pathway (pain and temp), describe the start, middle and end for nerve 2:

A

Dorsal grey horn
Lateral spinothalamic tract
Ventroposterior thalamus

50
Q

For the non-discriminatory pathway (pain and temp), describe the start, middle and end for nerve 3:

A

Ventro posterior thalamus
Internal capsule
Primary sensory cortex

51
Q

What is associated sensory loss?

A

When you have a lesion where both the pain and temp and touch and pressure senses on the same side of the body are affected e.g if you have it on the right then both the lefts will be affected.

52
Q

What is dissociated sensory loss?

A

If you have a lesion that affects the left pain and temperature but the right touch and pressure.

53
Q

Where does the discriminative pathway (touch and pressure) decussate?

A

Medulla, internal arcuate fibres

54
Q

Where does the non-discriminative pathway (pain and temp) decussate?

A

Spinal chord in a spinal segmental level.

55
Q

Describe the purpose of the basal ganglia nucei and what would happen. If we did not have one:

A

These are the other parts of the brain that the motor planning area needs to talk to before the primary motor cortex. If we only relied on the primary motor cortex, our movements would be broad and course with no fine motor skills.

56
Q

What are the 5 things that make up the basal ganglia nuclei:

A
  1. Caudate nucleus
  2. Putamen
  3. Globus pallidus
  4. Subthalamic nucleus
  5. Substantia nigra
57
Q

What are the large cells called that project down into the spinal chord?

A

Pyramidal cells

58
Q

What makes up the striatum?

A

The caudate nucleus and the putamen

59
Q

Where are the main cells that produce dopamine found?

A

Substantia nigra

60
Q

What is the only part of the basal ganglia that is not a part of the forebrain and is a part of the midbrain?

A

Substantia nigra

61
Q

What colour are the cells in the substantia nigra?

A

Black

62
Q

Why is there a bulge in the pons?

A

To make room for all of the nuclei/cell bodies for the cranial nerves of the face.

63
Q

Describe the corticospinal (pyramidal) tract:

A

The myelinated pyramidal cells start in the homunculus in the precentral gyrus - the primary motor cortex as upper motor neurons. They go down through the internal capsule, through the midbrain (through the crus cerbri) and the pons where they split into groups to dodge the grey matter of the cranial nerves. Then they go to the medulla where they bunch up again and go into the pyramid of the medulla where the major decussation occurs. The nerves that decussate here are called the lateral spinothalamic tract (85%) and are responsible for the fine movements of the periphery. The other 15% take the ventral corticospinal tract that decussates at the spinal segmental level onto lower motor neurons to innervate muscles and is responsible for the movement of axial muscles.

64
Q

Describe the lateral spinothalamic tract:
Where does it decussate?
What are its functions?
What % of nerves take this pathway?

A

85%
Decussates at the pyramid of medulla
Fine movements of the periphery

65
Q

Describe the ventral spinothalamic tract:
Where dies it decussate?
What are its functions?
What % of nerves take this pathway?

A

Spinal segmental level
Control of axial muscles
15%

66
Q

Describe what happens when you get a lesion in an upper motor neuron:

A

It will lead to a spastic paralysis which is an overexaggeration of stiffness in ones reflexes (rigid and stiff). This means that because the upper motor neurons control the lower motor neurons, without this control they are left to continuously fire with no higher control so they will fire robustly and increase the rigidity in muscles.

67
Q

Descrieb what happens when you get a lesion in the lower motor neurons:

A

This leads to a flaccid paralysis - limp limbs. This is because there is no action potentials and no signals being sent to the muscles.

68
Q

What would happen if you got a lesion on the right side of the basal ganglia?

A 
Uncontrolled involuntary movements on the left side
Trouble initiating movements
Inability to express emotions
Increased muscle tone
Hypokinesis - slowness of movements
Tremors at rest
69
Q

What would happen if you got a lesion on the right side of the arm area of the motor cortex?

A

Spastic paralysis of the left arm
Inability to do precise voluntary movements
Increased muscle tone

70
Q

What would happen if you got a lesion on the right side of the cerebellum?

A

Uncoordianated movements and loss of balance on the right side of body
Inability to control posture

71
Q

What are the main symptoms of parkinsons?

A

Mood is emotionally flat
Hypokinesia (bradykinesia)
Tremor at rest
Rigidity

72
Q

What are the treatments for parkinsons?

A 
Pallidotoy
Thalamotomy
Levo-dopa drugs
Deep brain stimulation
Cell transplantation (stem cells)
Gene therapy
73
Q

What happens when there is too much dopamine?

A

Depression/Schizophrenia

Wild movements and psychosis

74
Q

What happens when there is not enough dopamine?

A

Parkinsons - catatonia, stiffness and rigidity

75
Q

What is the functions of the cerebellum?

A

Termination of movement, repetitive and ballistic movements

76
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the basal ganglia system?

A
  1. Mood and movement
  2. Initiation of movement
  3. Learned movements
77
Q

What is the upper half of the striatum responsible for?

A

Movement

78
Q

What is the lower half of the striatum responsible for?

A

Mood and impulse

79
Q

Describe the role of dopamine:

A

It innervates cells of the striatum. They exert pressure on the cells in the striatum and holds the cells ready to fire. As soon as glutamate comes in from the cerebral cortex, an action potential is released and the circuit can begin

80
Q

Describe Parkinson’s in terms of dopamine loss:

A

If the dopamine cells are not holding and putting pressure on the cells in the striatum then regardless of how much info is coming in through the glutamatergic cells, the cells in the striatum willl not be able to fire. This leads to difficulty in motor planning so people with parkinsons have trouble initiating movements. This leads to the loss of inhibition of GABA cells so the inhibitory neurons can fire as much as possible which leads to hypokinesia.

81
Q

Describe the circuit of the basal ganglia system:

A

The dopamine cells put pressure on the cells in the lower striatum and holds them read to fire as soon as the glutamatergic cells come in from the cerebral cortex and innervate the cells in the upper striatum that go from the stritum to the external and internal parts of the globus pallidus which are GABA (inhibitory cells). In the internal part they then innervate more GABA cells that go into the VAVL thalamus which then innervate the glutamatergic cells that go back to the cerebral cortex.

82
Q

What specific pathway is disrupted in people with parkinsons?

A

The nigrostriatal pathway

MS1422017S2 (8 decks)

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