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Yr2 Anatomy - Alimentary > Anatomy Overview 2 > Flashcards

Anatomy Overview 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 4 sections of the abdomen and the two lines seperating them?

A 
Right upper quadrant
R. lower Quadrant
L. Upper quadrant
L. Lower Quadrant
- Transumbilical line 
- Medial Line?
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2
Q

Note the 9 sections of the abdomen and what gut section they belong to

A

Foregut : R. Hypochondrium - Epigastrium - L. Hypochondrium

Midgut: R. Lumbar - Periumbilical - L Lumbar

Hindgut: R. Iliac Fossa - Hypogastrium - L Iliac Fossa

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3
Q

What are the 3 constrictions of the oesophagus?

A

Cervical (Pharyngoesophageal)

Thoracic (Broncho-Aortic) - Where its crossed by the aortic arch & L main bronchus

Diaphragmatic - Where it passes through the oesophageal hiatus

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4
Q

What controls discharge of stomach contents into the duodenum?

A

Pyloric Sphincter

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5
Q

What is the stomach bed?

A

The structures on which the stomach rests:

Diaphragm - Spleen - Left Kidney - Adrenal gland - splenic artery - Pancreas - Transverse mesocolon - Colon

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6
Q

What is the transverse mesocolon?

A

A broad fold of peritoneum connecting the transverse colon to the wall.
See? Its transverse colon + Meso for mesentery

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7
Q

What are the major sections/landmarks of the stomach?

A

Cardia - Where oesophagus becomes stomach

Cardial Notch - Notch above cardia

Fundus - Superior section above cardia

Body - Bulk of stomach from cardia down to pylorus

Pyloric antrum & Pyloric canal

Pyloric sphincter

Greater & LEsser curvature

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8
Q

Name & explain one major developmental pathology of the stomach

A

Congenital pyloric stenosis (aka hypertrophic pyloric stenosis)
Thickening of smooth muscle in the pylorus leads to stenosis of the sphincter

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9
Q

What are the important ligaments of the liver?

A

Falciform Ligament - between lobes

Round ligament - Found on the free edge of the falciform ligament (inferiorly) & left over from the umbilical vein

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10
Q

What is the bare area of the liver?

A

A mostly posterior area of liver uncovered by peritoneum

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11
Q

How do the ribs relate to the liver?

A

The liver lies deep to ribs 7-11 on the left side

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12
Q

Where is the gastric area of the lvier?

A

inferior surface of the left lobe

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13
Q

Where is the colic area of the liver?

A

to the right of the gall bladder fossa and in front of the renal area

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14
Q

Where is the renal area of the liver?

A

Right of gall bladder fossa

Behind colic area

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15
Q

Where is the duodenal impression?

A

medial to the renal impression, between it and the neck of the gall bladder

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16
Q

Where is the caudate lobe of the liver?

A

On the postero-superior surface of hte right lobe.

Between the IVC - ligamentum venosum.

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17
Q

What is the portal triad?

A

three structures entering the liver above the colic area medial/superior to the gall bladder

  • Hepatic Artery
  • Portal Vein
  • Bile Duct (actually leaving)
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18
Q

What is the function of gall bladder/bile ducts?

A

To store/concentrate up to 50ml of bile from the liver then transport it to the duodenum

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19
Q

What is the cystic artery and where does it lie?

A

The artery supplying the gall bladder.
During removal it must be clamped, misclamping can lead to killing the liver.
Its found in the triangle of calot

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20
Q

Qhat is the triangle of calot?

A

A triangle containing the cystic artery of the gall bladder, its formed by:

  • Common hepatic duct (drain bile from liver)
  • Cystic Duct (gall bladder -> Bile duct)
  • Visceral surface of the liver
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21
Q

What are the risk factors of biliary colic and what is it?

A

Biliary colic is sudden pain due to a gallstone blocking the bile duct.
Four Fs:
Fat - Female - Fertile - Forty

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22
Q

What is the pancreas?

A

An accessory digestive gland

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23
Q

Is the pancreas exocrine or endocrine?

A

Both!
Exocrine - Pancreatic Juice
Endocrine - Insulin & Glucagon

24
Q

Is the pancreas retro or intraperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal

25
Q

At what level is the pancreas found?

A

L1/L2 on the transpyloric plane

26
Q

What are the sections of the pancreas?

A

Head Neck Body Tail

27
Q

How the pancreas relate tot he portal vein?

A

The portal vein is found behind the neck of the pancreas

28
Q

What is the spleen and where is it found?

A

A mobile haemo-lymphoid organs found in the left hypochondrium behind left ribs 9-11

29
Q

Is the spleen intra or retorperitoneal?

A

Intraperitoneal

30
Q

What is the most common pathology of the spleen?

A

Splenomegaly due to many causes such as anaemia or typhoid fever

31
Q

Explain the arterial supply of the foregut:

A

Abdominal Aorta -> Celiac Trunk (T12) ->:

  • > Left Gastric Artery
  • > Hepatic Artery
  • > Splenic Artery
32
Q

What structures are found in the foregut?

A 
Oesophagus
Stomach
Liver
Gall Bladder
Pancreas
Spleen
1st half of duodenum
33
Q

What structures are found in the midgut?

A 
Rest of duodenum, Jejunum & Ileum
Cecum
Appendix
Asc. Colon
1st 2/3rds of the Transverse Colon
34
Q

Where do the bile and pancreatic ducts join the gut tube?

A

At the duodenum

35
Q

What is the most fixed part of the gut tube?

A

The duodenum

36
Q

How do we tell between the jejunum and ileum

A

Jejunum has:

  • Longer vasa recta with less loops of arterial arcades in its mesentery.
  • Also less fat in the mesenter
  • Greater Vasculature
  • Thicker & heavier than the ileum
37
Q

Explain the arterial supply of the midgut?

A

Abdominal Aorta (L1) -> Superior Mesenteric Artery ->:

  • > Jejunal & Ileal arteries
  • > Middle Colic
  • > Right Colic
  • > Ileocolic
38
Q

What branches of the superior mesenteric artery supply what structures?

A

Jejunal & Ileal arteries = duh

Ileocolic = Last part of ileum, cecum and appendix

Right Colic = Asc. Colon

Middle Colic = Transverse Colon

39
Q

What structures are in the hindgut?

A
  • Last 3rd of transverse colon
  • Desc. Colon
  • Sigmoid Colon
  • Rectum
  • Upper part of anal canal
  • Also forms the epithelium of the urinary bladder and urethra
40
Q

Explain the blood supply of the hindgut:

A

Abdominal Aorta (L3) -> Inferior Mesenteric Artery ->:

  • Left Colic artery (Desc. Colon)
  • Sigmoid artery(Sigmoid Colon)
  • Superior Rectal artery(rectum)
41
Q

How do we differentiate large from small intestine?

A

The large intestine has:
- Omental Appedices. Small fatty peritoneal-like projections

  • Haustra/Saculations. Gives it the balloon animal appearance
  • Tenia Coli. Thick bands of smooth muscle that can be seen running up the middle of it
42
Q

What is the appendix?

A

A blind intestinal diverticulum with masses of lymphatic tissue
Most often behind the cecum (retocecal)

43
Q

What is macburneys point?

A

The points of maximum tenderness in appendicitis

44
Q

What is the rectum and where does it join tot he sigmoid colon?

A

The pelvic section of the gut tube

Sigmoid colon becomes rectum anterior to the S3 vertebral body

45
Q

What sphincters are found in the anal canal?

A

The external & internal sphincters

46
Q

What can be felt on a rectal exam?

A

Men - Prostate & seminal gland
Women - Cervix

Both:
 - ISchial spines/Tuberosities
- Enlarged internal iliac lymph nodes
Sacrum & Coccyx
- Collections in the rectovesical (men) & retrouterine (women) fossa.
47
Q

Is innervation of abdominal organs somatic or autonomic?

A

Entirely Autonomic

48
Q

What is the parasympathetic supply of the abdominal organs?

A 
Vagus Nerve (cranial X)
Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves (S2,S3,S4
49
Q

What is the sympathetic supply of the abdominal organs?

A

The Thoracic splanchnic nerves:

  • Greater (T5-T9)
  • Lesser (T10-T11)
  • Least (T12)
50
Q

Explain the venous drainage of the abdominal GI tract:

A

Inf. Mesenteric -> Splenic Vein

Then Splenic vein, Gastric veins & superior mesenteric vein all form into the portal vein.

The portal vein drains into the liver

The liver drains into the hepatic vein then into the IVC

51
Q

What are porto-systemic anastomoses?

A

Where the portal system communicates with the systemic venous system

52
Q

Give 4 examples of porto-systemic anastomoses?

A

Gastroesophogeal Junction:
- esophogeal veins drain into either the azygos (systemic) or left gastric (portal)

Anorectal junction:
- Rectal veins drain into the IVC (systemic) or IMV (portal)

Para-Umbilical:
- para-umbilical veins (portal) anastomose with superficial epigastric veins (systemic)

Colic:
- Twigs of colic veins (portal) anastomose with retroperitoneal veins (systemic)

53
Q

What happens if theres a portal obstruction?

A

Venous enlargements occur around the porto-systemic anastomoses.

  • Gastroesophogeal varices
  • Haemorrhoids or Piles (anorectal junction)
  • Caput Medusae (umbiiical)
54
Q

What lymphatic vessel takes the bulk of lymph from abdominal walls and structures?

A

The thoracic Duct

55
Q

What are the 3 groups of lumbar lymphatic nodes?

A

Pre-Aortic:

  • Includes celiac, sup mesenteric & inf mesenteric
  • ‘Drains the organs supplied by the anterior aortic branches

Lateral Aortic:
- Drains organs supplied by lateral aortic branches

Retro Aortic
- You get the idea

56
Q

Most gut organs are drained by groups of nodes from the pre-aortic lumbar nodes. Which group drains which structures?

A

Celiac group = foregut structures

Superior Mesenteric = Midgut Structures

Inferior Mesenteric = Hindgut Structures

Yr2 Anatomy - Alimentary (9 decks)

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