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ESA 5 - Integrative > Water and Electrolyte Balance > Flashcards

Water and Electrolyte Balance Flashcards

1
Q

What do the body fluids compose of?

A
  • Water
  • Solute
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2
Q

What is the purpose of water in the body fluids?

A

It is the universal solvent

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3
Q

What solutes are found in the body fluids?

A
  • Electrolytes, e.g. inorganic ions, some proteins
  • Non-electroytes, e.g. glucose, lipids
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4
Q

Do electrolytes dissociate in the body fluid?

A

Yes

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5
Q

What is the result of electrolytes dissociating in the body fluids?

A

They have double the osmotic effect

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6
Q

Do non-electrolytes dissolve in body fluids?

A

No

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7
Q

What are the roles of the kidneys?

A
  • Regulate blood volume
  • Electrolyte balance
  • Acid-base balance
  • Detoxify and eliminate waste
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8
Q

What is the body water content of a newborn infant?

A

80%

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9
Q

What is the body water content of an adult male?

A

60%

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10
Q

What is the body water content of an adult female?

A

50%

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11
Q

Why does a newborn infant have a high body water content?

A

It has less body fat, and smaller muscle mass

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12
Q

Why do females have a lower body water content?

A

They have more adipose, and less muscle

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13
Q

What are the roles of water in the body?

A
  • Composes 75% of brain
  • Regulates body temperature
  • Makes up 83% of blood
  • Removes waste
  • Composes 22% of bones
  • Cushions joints
  • Helps carry nutrients and oxygen to cells
  • Moistens oxygen for breathing
  • Helps convert food to energy
  • Protects and cushions your vital organs
  • Helps your body absorb nutrients
  • Makes up 75% of your muscles
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14
Q

What is the average water intake per day?

A

2.5L

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15
Q

Where does the water intake come from?

A
  • 10% from metabolism (250ml)
  • 30% from foods (750ml)
  • 60% from beverages (1500ml)
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16
Q

What is the average water output per day?

A

2.5L

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17
Q

How is water removed from the body?

A
  • 4% in faeces (100ml)
  • 8% in sweat (200ml)
  • 28% in insensible losses via skin and lungs (700ml)
  • 60% in urine (1500ml)
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18
Q

What proportion of water lost per day is obligatory (cannot be modified)?

A

32%

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19
Q

What are the body fluid compartments?

A
  • Intracellular fluid
  • Extracellular fluid
20
Q

What proportion of the water is in each body fluid compartment?

A
  • 2/3 in intracellular fluid
  • 1/3 in extracellular fluid
21
Q

What compartments does the extracellular fluid consist of?

A
  • Interstitial fluid
  • Plasma
  • Lymph
  • Transcellular fluid
22
Q

How does movement between the intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments occur?

A

Across a semi-permeable membrane

23
Q

What determines the movement of fluid across the compartments?

A
  • Osmotic and oncotic pressures
  • Hydrostatic pressures
24
Q

What transport mechanisms are involved in moving water across compartments?

A
  • Diffusion
  • Facilitated diffusion
  • Active transport
  • Vesicular transport

Water moves by diffusion to balance pressure on either side of the permeability membrane, and so moving electrolytes moves water

25
Q

What is an osmole?

A

A measure of a solution’s ability to create osmotic pressure, and thus affect the movement of water

26
Q

What is an osmole proportional to?

A

The number of osmotic particules formed in solution

27
Q

How many osmoles are there in 1 mole of non-ionizable substance?

A

1

28
Q

What is osmolality?

A

When the concentration of a solution is expressed in osmoles per kilogram of water, the osmolar concentration of a solution is referred to as its osmolality

29
Q

Why can osmolarity and osmolality be considered to be equal in water?

A

Because 1ml of water = 1g

30
Q

What is the osmolality of plasma in normal conditions?

A

280-310Osm/kg, or 280-210mmol/L

Because water can move freely through the cell membrane and blood capillary wall, there is no osmotic disequilibrium among different fluid compartments, so osmolality in plasma = interstitial fluid = intracellular fluid

31
Q

What is the osmolality mainly determined by in the ECF?

A

Na+ and Cl- (80%)

32
Q

What is the clinical relevance of 80% of the ECF osmolality being determined by NaCl?

A

In clinical practice, serum osmolality can be estimated by doubling serum sodim

33
Q

What is the osmolality mainly determined by in the ICF?

A

K+ (50%)

34
Q

Describe the ionic composition of the interstitial fluid

A
  • High Na+ and Cl-
  • Low K+
35
Q

Describe the ionic composition of the intracellular fluid

A
  • High K+
  • Low Na+ and Cl-
36
Q

What is the cell membrane permeable to?

A
  • Water
  • Urea
37
Q

What is the cell membrane not permeable to?

A
  • Na+
  • K+

Unless they use a channel

38
Q

What is the capillary wall permeable to?

A
  • Water
  • Urea
  • Na+
  • K+
39
Q

What is the capillary wall not permeable to?

A

Plasma protein

40
Q

What is the result of the capillary wall not being permeable to plasma protein?

A

Oncotic force stays the same

41
Q

What affect does the ingestion of a large amount of NaCl have on fluid balance?

A

It causes a rise in concentration in the ECF, which causes water to shift out of the ICF into the ECF to balance NaCl until osmolarity balances, and so cells shrink

42
Q

What effect does the ingestion of large volumes of water have on water balance?

A

It causes water to move into cells, from the ECF to the ICF. The cells swell, causing brain oedema and brain death

43
Q

What regulatory mechanisms are relevant in body fluid control?

A
  • Thirst
  • ADH
  • Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
44
Q

What is ADH released?

A

When there is an increase in plasma osmolarity, or a significant (10%) decrease in plasma volume

45
Q

What is RAAS stimulated by?

A

Low blood pressure and/or volume

46
Q

is this actually the end or did you just not finish it?

A

it is actually the end the lecture just finishes here lol

ESA 5 - Integrative (10 decks)

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