Cortical Lesions

Question 1

what are the 6 functions of the Frontal Lobe

Answer 1

Voluntary movement
Language fluency (left)
Motor prosody (right)
Comportment 
Executive function 
Motivation

Question 2

what are the 6 functions of the Parietal Lobe

Answer 2

Tactile sensation
Visuospatial function (right)
Attention (right)
Reading (left)
Writing (left)
Calculation (left)

Question 3

what are the 4 functions of the Temporal Lobe

Answer 3

Language comprehension (left)
Sensory prosody (right)
Memory
Emotion

Question 4

what are the 3 functions of the Occipital Lobe

Answer 4

Vision
Visual perception
Visual recognition

Question 5

three major nonlinguistic syndromes are disinhibition from ______ lesions, executive dysfunction from ________lesions, and apathy from ______lesions

Answer 5

orbitofrontal ,
dorsolateral prefrontal,
medial frontal

Question 6

Disinhibition is a disorder of comportment, whereby a person can no longer adequately integrate limbic drives into an appropriate behavioral repertoire. sequelae include _______

Answer 6

Irritability, 
loss of empathy, 
impulsivity, 
hypersexuality, 
hyperphagia (excessive hunger and abnormally large intake of solids by mouth), 
violence

Question 7

Executive function is a critical domain that involves the capacity to plan, carry out, and monitor a sequential goal-directed action. A related and disabling deficit is _________, the failure to alter one’s actions in response to changing environmental stimuli

Answer 7

perseveration

Question 8

Apathy is the loss of motivation, and more severe forms are known as ______ and _______

Answer 8

abulia,

akinetic mutism

Question 9

______, which means diminished ability to comprehend the emotional inflection of speech, and is due to a lesion in the right hemisphere analogue of ________.

Answer 9

sensory aprosody,

Wernicke’s area

Question 10

an analogous syndrome to Broca’s aphasia occurs with lesions of the right inferior frontal gyrus of the right hemisphere called _______,

Answer 10

motor aprosody.

Question 11

motor aprosody refers to the inability to ________.

Answer 11

inflect speech with emotion.

Question 12

basic emotions – influencing the flight or fight reaction, feeding, and sexuality – are mediated by the ______

Answer 12

limbic system

Question 13

temporolimbic lesions affecting emotion are most often seen in patients with ________.

Answer 13

seizure disorders (epilepsy)

Question 14

whats is hemineglect ?

Answer 14

the failure to report, respond to, or orient to sensory stimuli that cannot be explained by primary sensory dysfunction

Question 15

hemineglect is much more common and persistent after _______ lesions

Answer 15

right hemisphere

Question 16

Higher visual function also involves association areas situated anterior to the visual cortices: the ________ (“ventral stream” or “what” system) and __________ (“dorsal stream” or “where” system) cortices. These regions are important for attaching meaning to visual input, and damage to them produces various types of recognition deficits, collectively called
________.

Answer 16

occipitotemporal,
occipitoparietal ,
visual agnosia

Question 17

In contrast to the absence of vision produced by a visual field deficit from an occipital lesion, visual agnosia means that the visual image is seen _____ but not adequately _______.

Answer 17

normally ,

recognized

Question 18

object agnosia can result from ______

Answer 18

left occipitotemporal lesions

Question 19

face agnosia or prosopagnosia can result from_____

Answer 19

right occipitotemporal

Question 20

a failure to recognize the entirety of a visual array known as simultanagnosia results from ________.

Answer 20

bilateral occipitoparietal lesions

Question 21

what is meant by Cortical Microconnectivity?

Answer 21

refers to the billions of cortical neurons that are extensively interconnected by trillions of synapses

Question 22

what is meant by Cortical Macroconnectivity?

Answer 22

All cortical areas are extensively linked by white matter tracts with adjacent cortices, ipsilateral cortices, contralateral cortices, and subcortical structures

Question 23

Lesions of the temporal lobe have minor effects on audition, but often major effects on ________.

Answer 23

language,
prosody,
memory,
and emotion

Question 24

______is a common form of epilepsy, related to focal cortical lesions in the temporal lobe that produce complex partial seizures

Answer 24

temporal lobe epilepzy (TLE)

Question 25

TLE can result in _________, is often seen with hyperreligiosity, philosophical interests, and hypergraphia

Answer 25

Deepened emotionality

Question 26

The right hemisphere has the capacity to attend to both sides of space, whereas the left can only attend to the _______ space

Answer 26

contralateral