Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Repro. Med 2 > The Testis > Flashcards

The Testis Flashcards

1
Q

___ is the condition of having low testosterone

A

hypogonadism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the range of low testosterone?

A

< 150-200 ng/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the etiology of hypogonadism?

A

Primary: Testicular failure → Mumps orchitis

Secondary: Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism → Age-related (ADAM), chronic opiates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are some s/s of hypogonadism?

A

↓ energy/fatigue
ED
↓ force of ejaculation
↓ libido

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do you use in the work-up of hypogonadism?

A

Exam

Free and total testosterone; If low→ DEXA scan (<100 ng/dL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the tx for hypogonadism?

A

Androgen (testosterone) supplementation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are 2 locations that you should not apply testosterone gel?

A

Nipples

Scrotum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

When do you need to f/u w/ a pt being treated for hypogonadism?

A

3, 6 and 12 months after initiating, then annually

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What labs will you order to monitor a pt w/ hypogonadism?

A 
PSA
Hemogram (H&amp;H)
Testosterone
Review of urinary sx
DRE
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are important counseling points you should give to a pt being tx w/ hypogonadism?

A

Prostate CA monitoring
CV risks
Infertility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

___ is a testis (testes) not in scrotum; possibly absent or non-palpable (20%), if palpable→ will not come down

A

Cryptorchidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is descent of a testis determined by?

At what age gestation should the testis pass through the inguinal canal?

A

Androgen-independent, mediated by “descendin”

28 wks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the tx for Cryptorchidism?

A

GnRH injxn

Orchidopexy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 3 true types of cryptorchidism?

A

Abdominal
Inguinal
Suprascrotal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 5 ectopic types of cryptorchidism?

A 
Prepenile
Superficial ectopic 
Transverse scrotal 
Femoral 
Perineal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

____ is cryptorchidism that is proximal to the inguinal ring

A

Intra-abdominal (10%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

____ is cryptorchidism that is truly absent, probably due to a prior gestational vascular event

A

Absent testis (20%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

___ is cryptorchidism that is below the internal ring but out of normal path

A

Ectopic testis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

____ is cryptorchidism that reflects an exuberant cremasteric reflex

How long should you follow this pt?

A

Retractile testis

until puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Most cryptorchidism descend spontaneously in the 1st __ months

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cryptorchidism occurs in __% of term infants and ___% of premature infants

A

3%

30%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cryptorchidism is bilateral __% of the time

A

10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are some risk factors for cryptorchidism?

A 
twins
low birth wt
prr-term delivery
FHx
Prune belly syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are complications of cryptorchidism?

A

CA risk
Decreased fertility
Torsion is x10 higher

25
Q

___ is the benign accumulation of serous fluid between layers of tunica vaginalis

A

Hydrocele

26
Q

What is the presentation of of adult hydrocele?

A

Scrotal discomfort and enlargement

Possible h/o trauma or infxn

27
Q

What are some possible etiologies of adult hydroceles?

A

Idiopathic
post-traumatic
post-infectious

28
Q

What is included in the work up of an adult hydrocele

A

Careful exam
Transillumination
Possible scrotal sonogram

29
Q

What are the tx for adult hydrocele?

A

Expectant management if asymptomatic

Aspiration/sclerosis assoc. w/ recurrence

Scrotal excision (hydrocelectomy)

30
Q

What is the presentation of an infant hydrocele?

A

Hemi scrotal enlargement

Volume/size waxes and wanes during day

31
Q

What is the etiology for an infant hydrocele?

A

Patent processus vaginalis (communicating hydrocele)

32
Q

What is the tx for an infant hydrocele?

A

If persistent after one year, repair via inguinal incision

33
Q

___ is congestion of veins around the testis

A

Varicocele

34
Q

What age range is most likely to have a varicocele? Least likely?

A

15-30 y/o

rarely >40 y/o

35
Q

What is the etiology for varicoceles? What could indicate malignancy?

A

Reflects valvular anomaly exacerbated (or caused) by gonadal venous anatomy

Rare malignant etiology (consider if R-sided, or in man >40 y/o)

36
Q

What are the s/s of a varicocele? Majority on L or R side?

A 
Asymptomatic
Dull ache
Infertility
Scrotal enlargement
Majority on left
37
Q

What does the work-up for a varicocele include?

A

Clinical
“bag of worms” on palpation due to dilatation of veins in pampiniform plexus

R-sided will need to r/o mass (more concerning side for varicocele occurrence)

38
Q

What is the tx for a varicocele?

A

Varicocelectomy, embolization

⅔ surgically tx have fertility improvement

39
Q

___ is the twisting of the spermatic cord causing ischemia of testis

A

Testicular Torsion

40
Q

What is the epidemiology for testicular torsion? Unimodal, Bimodal, or Trimodal distribution?

A

Bimodal distribution

Neonatal (extravaginal) vs. pubertal (intravaginal)

41
Q

What are some etiologies for testicular torsion?

A

Bell-clapper deformity
Cryptorchidism
Trauma
Sex

42
Q

What are the s/s of testicular torsion?

A

Sudden severe onset
Unilateral scrotal pain
N/V
Abd pain

Sx may be intermittent (intermittent torsion)

43
Q

What is included in the work-up of testicular torsion?

A 
High riding testes
(-) cremasteric reflex 
scrotal edema
TTP
Prehn's sign: pain unrelieved by scrotal elevation

Need a high index os suspicion, US are often misleading

44
Q

What is the tx for testicular torsion? Within what timeframe do you prefer to catch/tx?

A

Scrotal exploration (untwisting of cord and orchidopexy, contralateral orchidopexy)

High salvage rate if tx w/in 6 hrs

45
Q

____ is inflammation/infxn of epididymis

A

Epididymitis

46
Q

What are some etiologies of epididymitis? What age ranges correlate with what infectious organisms?

A

Ascending infxn from urethra, prostate, bladder
(<35 y/o C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae
>35 y/o→ E.coli)

Surgery (vasectomy)

Other trauma

47
Q

What are s/s of epididymitis?

A

Scrotal pain
Scrotal enlargement
Fever

48
Q

What is included in the w/u of epididymitis?

A

UA , Cx, penile swab/probe for STI

49
Q

What is the tx for epididymitis ?

A

Abx (empiric by age→ i.e. doxycycline or cipro)

Palliative (scrotal support, NSAID, ice, narcotics)

50
Q

What are the two types of testicular CA?

Which is more common?

A

Germ cells (95%)

Non Germ cells (5%)

51
Q

What are the types of germ cell testicular CA?

A

Seminoma (90% cure rate)
Non-seminoma (near 100% cure rate)
Mixed

52
Q

What is the epidemiology for testicular CA?

A

Trimodal:
Up to 10 yrs (yolk sac)

20-40 yrs (seminoma)

> 60 yrs (spermatocytic seminoma)

53
Q

How does a pt w/ testicular CA usually present?

A

Painless testicular mass

Usually incidental by partner or after trauma

Cough or dyspnea secondary to lung metastases

GI sx secondary to retroperitoneal metastases

Gynecomastia

54
Q

What is included in the tx for testicular CA?

A

Scrotal sonogram

Tumor markers (AFP, beta-hCG, LDH)

CT to assess the lymph nodes of retroperitoneum

Radical inguinal orchiectomy

55
Q

____ is an acute inflammatory rxn of the testis 2° to infxn

A

Orchitis

56
Q

What are the most common causes/organisms of orchitis?

A

Most common→ viral mumps infxn in children

Bacterial orchitis→ C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, E. coli
(most commonly assoc. w/ epididymitis in sexually active males and men >50 w/ BPH)

57
Q

What are the s/s of orchitis?

A

Scrotal pain (mild-severe)
Swelling
Overlying skin frequently thickened
Testicle will not move freely in the scrotum, “stuck”

58
Q

What is the tx for orchitis?

A

Viral (mumps orchitis)→ no meds; may lead to infertility

Bacterial→ tx suspected organism, exclude/address abscess

Repro. Med 2 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions