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Biology 150 > Chapter 21&22 > Flashcards

Chapter 21&22 Flashcards

1
Q

Speciation

A

One species becomes another

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2
Q

Sympatric

A

Species inhabit the same locale but remain distant

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3
Q

Biological Species Concept

BSC

A

Groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups

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4
Q

Subspecies

A

Individuals in populations that occur in different areas may be distinct from one another

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5
Q

Reproductively Isolated

A

Populations whose members do not mate with each other or who cannot produce fertile offspring

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6
Q

What are the types of prezygotic isolating mechanisms?

A

Ecological, behavioral, temporal, mechanical, prevention of gamete fusion

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7
Q

What are the types of postzygotic isolating mechanisms?

A

Hybrid invisibility or infertility

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8
Q

Ecological isolation

A

Species occur in same area but occupy different habitats and rarely encounter

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9
Q

Behavioral isolation

A

Different mating rituals

  • mating calls, songs, sounds
  • bright or dull colors
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10
Q

Temporal isolation

A

Species reproduce in different seasons or different times of day so they never come across each other

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11
Q

Mechanical isolation

A

Difference in structure between species prevent mating

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12
Q

Prevention of gamete fusion

A

Gametes of 1 species function poorly with gametes of other species

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13
Q

Hybrid inviability or infertility

A

Hybrid embryos do not develop properly or hybrid adults do not survive in nature or are sterile

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14
Q

Pheromones

A

When species rely on detection of chemical signals for reproduction

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15
Q

Reinforcement

A

Continual improvement of prezygotic isolating mechanisms until populations are completely reproductively isolated

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16
Q

Allopatric

A

Geographically isolated (separated)

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17
Q

Allopolyploidy

A

2 species hybridize prior to chromosome doubling event

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18
Q

Polyploidy

A

Produces individuals with more than 2 sets of chromosomes

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19
Q

Autoploidy

A

Occurs within a single species by doubling of chromosomes

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20
Q

Key innovation

A

New trait evolves within a species allowing it to use resources that were previously inaccessible

21
Q

Adaptive Radiation

A

Existence of groups of closely related species that have recently evolved from a common ancestor by adapting to different parts of environments

22
Q

Character Displacement

A

Adaption driven by need to minimize competition for available resources with other species

-Natural selection in each species favors individuals that use resources not used by other species

23
Q

Gradualism

A

Accumulation of small changes

24
Q

Punctuated Equilibrium

A

Long periods of stasis followed by relatively rapid change

25
Q

Stasis

A

No evolutionary change

26
Q

Mass Extinction

A
  • Most serve one occurred at the end of Permian period 250 million years ago
  • Cretaceous period 65 million years ago
27
Q

Systematics

A

Reconstruction and study of evolutionary relationships

28
Q

Phylogeny

A

Evolutionary tree

29
Q

Derived Ancestral

A
  • Inherited from most recent common ancestor of entire group
  • Similarity that arose prior to common ancestor of group
30
Q

Cladistics

A
  • Shared derived characters are considered only

- Requires that character states be identified

31
Q

Outgroup

A

Species closely related to but not a member of the group under study

32
Q

Cladogram

A

Depicts a hypothesis of evolutionary relationships

33
Q

Clade

A

Species that share a common ancestor belong to a clade

34
Q

Synapomorphy

A

Derived character shared by clade members

35
Q

Symplesiomorphies

A

Shared ancestral traits

36
Q

Homoplasy

A

Shared character state that has not been inherited from common ancestor exhibiting that character state
-can result from convergent or reversal evolution

37
Q

Parsimony

A

Favors fewest assumptions

38
Q

Molecular clock

A

Rate of evolution of a molecule is constant throughout time

-can be used to date other divergence events in a cladogram

39
Q

Monophyletic

A

Most recent common ancestor of group and all its descendants

40
Q

Paraphyletic

A

Most recent common ancestors but not all descendants

41
Q

Polyphyletic

A

Does not include most recent common ancestor of all members

42
Q

Phylogenetic Species Concept (PSC)

A

Species should be applied to groups of populations that have been evolving dependently of other groups of populations

43
Q

Taxonomy

A

The science of classifying living things

44
Q

Binomials

A

2 part names

45
Q

Largest to smallest grouping of organisms

A
  1. Domain- Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
  2. Kingdom- Protists, Plantae, Animalia, Fungi
  3. Phylum
  4. Class
  5. Order
  6. Family
  7. Genus
  8. Species
46
Q

Bacteria

A
  • Photosynthesis

- Peptidoglycan cell wall

47
Q

Archaea

A

-Methanogens: obtain energy from using H2 to reduce CO2 to CH4

-Extremphiles: grow under extreme conditions
(Temperature, salt, pH, pressure)

-Nonextreme archaea: grown in some environment as bacteria

48
Q

Eukarya

A

Endosymbiosis- mitochondria and chloroplasts

  • Compartmentalization
  • Multicellularity
  • Sexual Reproduction

Biology 150 (4 decks)

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