Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology - Exam 2 > Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

define biogenic amines

A

biogenic substance with one or more amine groups; a basic nitrogenous compound formed by decarboxylation of an amino acid or by amination or transamination of an aldehyde or ketone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

examples of biogenic amines

A

serotonin acetylcholine norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Who did the experiments with frogs to discover neurotransmitters (NTs)?

A

Otto Loewi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what makes a neurotransmitter excitatory or inhibitory

A

Receptor through which NT acts (NOT transmitter itself)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what NTs are considered small molecules

A

biogenic amines amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

where are biogenic amines synthesized

A

nerve terminal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the biogenic amines

A

acetylcholine dopamine serotonin histamine norepinephrine epinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

which of the biogenic amines are also catecholamines

A

epinephrine norepinephrine dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the amino acids

A

GABA glutamate aspartate glycine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what NTs are considered large molecules

A

peptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the peptides

A

opioid family: enkephalin endorphin dynorphin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where are peptides synthesized

A

made in cell body from precursor peptides and then shipped to terminals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are peptides often co-released with

A

a classical transmitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

other examples of NTs AKA co-factors AKA second messengers

A

NO CO adenosine eicosanoids taurine tryptamine prostaglandins neuroactive steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what NTs are typically excitatory in the brain

A

glutamate aspartate small percentage ACh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the direction of projections for glutamate

A

descending

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

role of glutamate in CNS function

A

majority of fast synaptic transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

which disease results from too much glutamatergic transmission

A

Epilepsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

which disease results from neurotoxicity via subtype of glutamate receptor

A

Huntington’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

which diseases are due to problems with glutamate

A

epilepsy huntington’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what NTs are typically inhibitory in the brain

A

GABA (often but not always) dopamine

22
Q

what is the direction of projections for GABA

A

diffuse

23
Q

what diseases result from too low activity of GABA

A

Epilepsy Huntington’s Anxiety

24
Q

what direction of projections for dopamine

A

ascending

25
Q

disease where not enough dopamine

A

Parkinsons

26
Q

disease where too much dopamine

A

Schizophrenia

27
Q

anatomy for Parkinsons

A

cell bodies in substantial nigra project to striatum and these die/degenerate in parkinsons

28
Q

what is used as treatment of Parkinsons

A

L-dopa

29
Q

anatomy for Schizophrenia

A

cell bodies in ventral tegmental area project to nucleus accumbens and these are hyperactive in schizophrenia

path to pre-frontal cortex is underreactive

30
Q

what is the nucleus accumbent important for besides Schizophrenia

A

addiction

31
Q

what diseases where dopamine affected

A

Parkinson’s Schizophrenia Addiction

32
Q

where are the cell bodies that release acetylcholine

A

septal nuclei and nucleus basalis

33
Q

projections for acetylcholine

A

ascending to cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus

34
Q

what NT was the first identified NT

A

acetylcholine

35
Q

disease where affected by acetylcholine

A

Alzheimers cholinergic neurons degenerated avoid anticholinergic drugs in elderly cuz their use causes confusion and mental slowness

36
Q

disease where affected by acetylcholine and dopamine

A

Parkinson’s as dopaminergic neurons die, cholinergic tone predominates on outflow from striatum

37
Q

balance of acetylcholine and dopamine in Parkinson’s

A

see picture

38
Q

what is used to treat Parkinson’s

A

anticholinergic drugs along with dopamine replacing or mimicking drugs

39
Q

what is norepinephrine typically in CNS (inhibitory or excitatory)

A

inhibitory

40
Q

where are cell bodies located for norepinephrine

A

locus coeruleus

41
Q

what direction are projections for norepinephrine

A

ascending

42
Q

terminal field for NE projections

A

neocortex

cerebellum

hippocampus

43
Q

role of NE in CNS function

A

attentiveness mood (dec levels of NE in depression) hyperactivity in withdrawal from addictive drugs

44
Q

origin of serotonin projections

A

raphe nucleus

45
Q

direction of projection with serotonin

A

ascending

46
Q

terminal field of projections with serotonin

A

cortex hippocampus cerebellum and many more

47
Q

role of serotonin in CNS function

A

depression

migraine

anxiety

sleep

48
Q

origin of histamine projections

A

tuberomamillary nucleus of hypothalamus

49
Q

direction of projections of histamine

A

diffuse ascending projections

50
Q

role in CNS of histamine

A

wakefulness

antihistamines that penetrate BBB make you sleepy

newer antihistamines don’t penetrate BBB so don’t make you sleepy

51
Q
A

Pharmacology - Exam 2 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions