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Biology 1 > Chapter 1 - Intrduction > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Intrduction Flashcards

1
Q

Ecosystem Level

A

Populations of organisms living in the same place can interact with other organisms and their physical environment.

Example: Ocean (Arctic/ Atlantic)

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2
Q

Cellular Organization

A

1) Cells are bounded by membrane that separate the inside of the cell from the outside
2) Organisms consist of 1 or more cells
3) Cells carry out the basic activities of living

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3
Q

Order Complexity

A

Living things are very complex and highly ordered.

  • Cells make up tissue
  • Tissue makes organs
  • Organs work together to make organ system
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4
Q

Sensitivity

A

All living organisms respond to stimuli

Ex: Eyes - reflect light
Ex: Hands - respond to touching hot pot
Ex: Pupils of eyes dilate when walking into a dark room

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5
Q

Growth, Development, Reproduction

A

Living things need to grow, develop, and reproduce to pass down heredity to offspring and continue that species.

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6
Q

Energy Utilization

A

All living organisms require energy to perform work

Ex: all cells need energy to perform their functions

Ex: plants use suns energy to grow and develop

Ex: Every muscle in your body is powered with energy you obtain from your diet

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7
Q

Homeostasis

A

All living things maintain internal environment that differs from external environment temperature

Ex: your body temperature remains stable despite changes in outside temperatures

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8
Q

True or False

Biological systems are the most complex chemical systems on earth

A

True

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9
Q

Biology functions by the laws of

A

Thermodynamics

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10
Q

What is the most complex organization of matter?

A

Biology

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11
Q

Biology is a natural science that studies

A

Life and living organisms

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12
Q

The basic unit of life and living organisms is?

A

Cell

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13
Q

Functions of biological systems are determined and constrained by principles of

A

Chemistry and physics

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14
Q

True or False

Biological systems represent new forms of matter

A

False

Biological systems do not represent any new forms of matter

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15
Q

Name seven characteristics shared by living things

A
  1. Cellular organization
  2. Order complexity
  3. Sensitivity
  4. Growth, development and reproduction
  5. Energy utilization
  6. Homeostasis
  7. Evolutionary adaptation
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16
Q

Evolutionary adaptation

A

Organisms interact with other organisms as well as the non-living environment to input survival request

Organisms can adapt to their environment so that they survive and pass down those traits when they reproduce

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17
Q

True or False

Living systems show hierarchical organization?

A

True

  1. The cellular level
  2. The organismal level
  3. The population level
    • biological community
  4. The ecosystem level
  5. The biosphere
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18
Q

Name all levels of hierarchical of organization in living systems

A
  1. The cellular level
  2. The organismal level
  3. The population level
    • biological community
  4. The ecosystem level
  5. The biosphere
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19
Q

True or false

Bacteria are multicellular

A

False

Bacteria are single cells

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20
Q

True or false

Animals, plants, fungi and algae are multicellular

A

True

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21
Q

Organelles are found in

A

Cells

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22
Q

Cellular level

A
  1. Atoms form molecules

2. Molecules form organelles

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23
Q

Organismal level

A
  1. Cells form tissue
  2. Tissue form organs
  3. Organs work together to make organ system
  4. Organ system makes up organism
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24
Q

The Nervous system, which consist of sensory organs, the brain and spinal cord, and neurons that convey signals is an example of an

A

Organ system

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25
Q

Groups of similar cells that act as a functional unit

A

Tissue

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26
Q

Body structures composed of several different tissues that act as a structural and functional unit

A

Organs

Ex: The brain is an organ composed of nerve cells and a variety of associated tissues that form protective coverings and contribute blood

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27
Q

Population level

A

1) Same species makes up a population
2) All populations of a particular organism or members similar in appearance and able to interbreed make up a species
3) Biological Community

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28
Q

The highest tier of biological organization is

A

The ecosystem level

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29
Q

Biological community

A

Different species living in the same place

Ex: woods —> Plants, animals

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30
Q

The highest tier of biological organization is

A

The ecosystem level

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31
Q

Populations of organisms and their surrounding environment make up an

A

Ecosystem

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32
Q

The biosphere

A

Consist of the entire planet as an ecosystem

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33
Q

Observations

A

1) Leads to hypotheses
2) Generally includes two questions
- Inductive vs Deductive

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34
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

Applies general principles to predict specific results

Something very general or specific

Ex: All birds have feathers, so a duck has feathers

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35
Q

All countries in Africa have a warm temperature, therefore Nigeria is hot.

Is the statement inductive or deductive?

A

Deductive reasoning

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36
Q

All men are mortal, therefore Harold must be a man.

Is the statement inductive or deductive?

A

Deductive reasoning

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37
Q

Observations

A

1) Leads to hypotheses
2) Generally includes two questions
- Inductive vs Deductive

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38
Q

All countries in Africa have a warm temperature, therefore Nigeria is hot.

Is the statement inductive or deductive?

A

Deductive reasoning

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39
Q

All men are mortal, therefore Harold must be a man.

Is the statement inductive or deductive?

A

Deductive reasoning

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40
Q

Used to test the validity of general ideas and all branches of knowledge

A

Deductive reasoning

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41
Q

Used to test the validity of general ideas and all branches of knowledge

A

Deductive reasoning

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42
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

Apply is very specific observations to predict general statements

Ex: Harold is a grandfather, therefore Harold must be bald.

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43
Q

If poodles have hair, and terriers have hair, and every dog that you observe has hair, then all dogs have hair.

Is this example of inductive or deductive reasoning?

A

Inductive reasoning

44
Q

Leads to generalizations that can be tested

A

Inductive reasoning

45
Q

Used to test the validity of general ideas and all branches of knowledge

A

Deductive reasoning

46
Q

Hypothesis

A

1) An educated guess
2) leads to experiment to test the idea
3) generally needs one variable

47
Q

Variables

A

Factors that influence a process, outcome, or observation.

Ex: cooking (variables)

  • The way you mix it
  • How long do you cook it
  • The temperature you cook it at

Ex: Experiment

  • Mixing chemicals
  • Heat
  • Purifying
48
Q

Controlled experiment

A

Variable is a left on altered, or kept constant, does not change

49
Q

Test experiment

A

One variable is altered/changed in a known way to test a particular hypothesis

50
Q

Isolating variables will help to test

A

Hypotheses

51
Q

How can you evaluate alternative hypotheses about one variable?

A

Keep all of the variables constant

52
Q

True or false

Predictions allow a way to test the validity of a hypothesis?

A

True

Predictions provide a way to test the validity of a hypothesis

53
Q

Hypothesis kept

A

1) Results match predictions

2) Supported by experimental testing

54
Q

Hypothesis rejected

A

Experimental results don’t match prediction

55
Q

True or false

The more experimentally supporter prediction is a hypothesis makes, the more valid the hypothesis is?

A

True

56
Q

Based on limits with reductionism how do enzymes behave?

A

Enzymes behave differently in isolation than in normal cellular context

57
Q

Based on limits with reductionism, The complex interworking of many interconnected functions leads to

A

Emergent properties that cannot be predicted based on the workings of the parts

Ex: ribosomes are the cellular factories that synthesize proteins, but this function could not be predicted based on analysis of the individual proteins and RNA that make up the structure

58
Q

Reductionism

A

Reducing complex systems to is working parts

Ex: You can study an ecosystem but won’t know much about the population unless you break it down to population specific species

Ex: want to know how species functions?

    - go to organismal level
    - go to cellular level
59
Q

Models

A

1) Putting/fitting pieces of systems together
- provide a way to organize how we think about a problem
- shows how working parts fit together

60
Q

Theories

A
  • Hypotheses supported experiments
  • Ideas that explain something
  • Proven over and over again by hypothesis driven experiments
  • Accepted as facts
  • Accepted general principle or body of knowledge
61
Q

Explains and describe how organisms on earth have changed over time and acquired a diversity of new forms

A

Darwins theory of evolution

62
Q

What was Thomas Mathus’s prediction?

A

Plants, animals, and humans grow geometrically or by factors
Ex: # x 3

Food grows arithmetically or by a difference
Ex: # + 2

63
Q

Natural selection

A
  1. Characteristics in organism has to survive in their environment
  2. Some are better selected to survive and passed traits than others
    - this will cause a change in population
64
Q
  1. Observed a species of related birds with different beaks and have concluded that they had adapted for food
  2. Was inspired by Thomas Mathus
A

Charles Darwin

65
Q

Artificial selection

A

Let humans pick a want to or specific trait of an animal to breed that characteristic

Based on first hand observations of breeding domesticated animals

Favors breeding of animals that possess want to traits

66
Q

Based on evidence for natural selection describe:

- Fossil records (comparative anatomy)

A
  • Same bones found in different species

- Bones are adapted and use for different purposes

67
Q

Based on evidence for natural selection describe

- Advance with genetics (molecular Evidence)

A
  • Humans share proteins with many other organism
  • Proteins are mostly the same but different in amino acid sequences
    a. Proteins are made of amino acids
68
Q

Name five occurring themes in biology

A
  1. Cell theory
  2. Molecular(theory) basis of inheritance
  3. Structure and function
  4. Evolution
  5. Novel properties
69
Q

Cell theory

A

All living things are composed of cells

  • Single cell organisms
  • Multi cell organisms

Cells come from pre-existing cells

70
Q

True or false

Living organisms are not organized into cells

A

False, living organisms are organized into cells

71
Q

True or false

The molecular basis of inheritance explains the continuity of life

A

True

72
Q

Molecular basis of inheritance

A

Information is encoded in chains of DNA or all information the cell needs

73
Q

DNA molecules are formed from two long chains of building blocks called

A

Nucleotides

74
Q

The foundation for understanding the reproduction and growth of all organisms

A

Cell theory

75
Q

Information that specifies what a cell is like encoded in

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

76
Q

How many nucleotides are found in DNA

A

Four

77
Q

Specific sequences of several hundred to many thousand nucleotides make up a

A

Gene or A discrete unit of information

78
Q

The entire set of DNA instructions that specifies a cell is called

A

Genome

79
Q

The continuity of life from one generation to the next, or passing of heredity depends on

A

The copying of a cells DNA into daughter cells

80
Q

Structure and function

A

The structure of a molecule will affect its function

Ex: Enzyme or catalyst (protein in body)
• has an action site
- binds substrate then breaks it down

***(shape of enzyme is made to fit substrate)

81
Q

We study the structure of molecules and macromolecular complexes to

A

Learn about their function

82
Q

True or False
When we know the function of a particular structure, we can infer the function of similar structures found in different context, such as in different organisms

A

True

83
Q

True or false
Selection is a cause of evolution
- natural
- artificial

A

True

84
Q

Evolution

A
  1. Creates the diversity of life
  2. Prior life forms evolving two current life forms
  3. Gradual process
85
Q

Name three groups of evolution that can be broken down to

A
  1. Eukarya
  2. Prokarya
  3. Archaea
86
Q

True or False

Eukarya are single cellular

Prokarya are single cellular

Archaea are multicellular

A

False

Eukarya: Multicellular

Prokarya: single cellular

Archaea: single cellular

87
Q

What organisms are classified as Eukarya?

A

Plants
Animalia
Fungi
Protista

88
Q

Evolution occurs because

A

We have characteristics from early organisms that we conserved, evolved to what we see now

89
Q
  1. Proteins that are evolved during early development that allow proper development of the organism
  2. Found in animals, plants, fungus
A

Homeodomain proteins

Ex: conservation of characteristics from early organisms

90
Q

Consist of organisms that have cell walls of cellulose and obtain energy by photosynthesis

A

Plantae

91
Q

Consist of cell walls of chitin and obtain energy by secreting digestive enzyme’s and then absorbing the products they release from the external environment

A

Fungi

92
Q

Contains organisms that lack cell walls and obtain energy by first ingesting other organisms and then digesting them internally

A

Animalia

93
Q

Consist of all unicellular eukaryotes except yeast, as well as the multicellular algae.

A

Protista

94
Q

Emergent novel properties

A

Biological organization based upon structural order and a hierarchy that builds upon each level below it

As we climb each step of the hierarchy will fold the process of the novel properties so that it becomes more complex. ( micro –> macro)
Ex: DNA

95
Q

As you move up the hierarchical organization of living things, the many interactions occurring at lower levels can produce

A

Novel (Emergent) properties

96
Q

Plants, algae, and certain microbes harness what kind of energy to produce their own nutrients using photosynthesis

A

Radiant energy

97
Q

Examples of organ level of biological organization

A

Brain

Stomach

98
Q

True or false

An accepted hypothesis may be false

A

True

99
Q

Should control and experimental groups differ in as many variables as possible

A

No

100
Q

True or false

Plants are not prokaryotic

A

True

101
Q

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and algae use energy from the sun to synthesize

A

Organic molecules

102
Q

Ex: scientific hypothesis

A

The genetic information for all living organisms is stored in DNA

103
Q

Contains eukaryotic organisms that typically have cells of chitin and obtain energy by secreting digestive enzymes and then absorbing the products they released from the external environment

A

Fungi

104
Q

True or false

Protista are unicellular, colonial, or multi cellular

And eukaryotic

A

True

105
Q

All cells contain DNA as their genetic makeup

True of false

A

True

106
Q

Experiments are designed to test

A

Predictions

107
Q

Hypothesis may be be false

When scientists except a hypothesis that means it is in agreement with all the available evidence

A hypothesis can be disapproved but it cannot be proved correct

True/false

A

True

Biology 1 (11 decks)

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