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Organic Chemistry Year 13 > 6.2.5 Organic Synthesis > Flashcards

6.2.5 Organic Synthesis Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

alkane

A

C-C

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2
Q

alkene

A

C=C

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3
Q

haloalkane

A

C-Cl

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4
Q

alcohol

A

C-OH

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5
Q

aldehyde

A

H-C=O

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6
Q

ketone

A

C-(C=O)-C

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7
Q

carboxylic acid

A

-COOH

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8
Q

ester functional group

A

O=C-O

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9
Q

acyl chloride

A

O=C-Cl

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10
Q

amide

A

O=C-N

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11
Q

nitrile

A

C-C≡N

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12
Q

hydroxynitrile

A

HO-C-C≡N

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13
Q

amine

A

C-NH2
C-NH-C
C-N(C)-C

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14
Q

amino acid

A

NH2 - CH(R) - COOH

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15
Q

phenol

A

⌬-OH

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16
Q

alkane + halogen

A

haloalkane
-requires UV light

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17
Q

alkene + H2

A

alkane
- Nickel catalyst
- 423 K

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18
Q

alkene + halogen

A

haloalkane
- room temp

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19
Q

alkene + halogen halide

A

haloalkane
- room temp

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20
Q

alkene + H2O(g)

A
  • alcohol
  • H3PO4
  • high temp/pressure
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21
Q

1° alcohol + [O] (initial)

A

aldehyde (+H2O)
- K2Cr2O7/H+
- heat and distill

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22
Q

1° alcohol + [O] (continued)

A

carboxylic acid (+H2O)
- K2Cr2O7/H+
- reflux

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23
Q

2° alcohol + [O]

A

ketone
- K2Cr2O7/H+
- reflux

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24
Q

alcohol dehydration

A

alkene
- H3PO4/H2SO4
- reflux

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25
alcohol + hydrogen halide
haloalkane - need sodium halide and H2SO4 - hydrogen halide made in situ - also make H2O + NaHSO4
26
haloalkane + NaOH(aq)
alcohol (+ hydrogen halide) - under reflux - also use water + ethanol solvent
27
aldehyde + [O]
carboxylic acid (+H2O) - K2Cr2O7/H+ - reflux
28
aldehyde + 2[H]
1° alcohol - NaBH4 - H2O
29
ketone + 2[H]
2° alcohol - NaBH4 - H2O
30
aldehyde + HCN
hydroxynitrile - NaCN(aq) - H2SO4 (aq)
31
ketone + HCN
hydroxynitrile - NaCN(aq) - H2SO4 (aq)
32
carboxylic acid + alcohol
ester (+H2O) - conc. H2SO4 - warm
33
ester + H2O (acidic)
carboxylic acid + alcohol - dil. acid (aq) - reflux
34
ester + H2O
carboxylate + alcohol - OH-(aq) - reflux
35
carboxylic acid + SOCl2
acyl chloride - + SO2 + HCl, gases exit
36
acyl chloride + alcohol
ester (+ HCl)
37
acyl chloride + H2O
carboxylic acid (+HCl(g))
38
acyl chloride + 2NH3
1° amide - + NH4Cl
39
acyl chloride + 1° amine
2° amide - acyl ammonium chloride salt
40
haloalkane + ammonia
amine - ethanol solvent - excess ammonia
41
haloalkane + CN-
nitrile - ethanol - + salt
42
nitrile + H2
amine - Ni catalyst
43
hydroxynitrile + H2
amine - Ni catalyst
44
nitrile/hydroxynitrile + H2O + HCl
carboxylic acid - heat - + ammonium salt
45
benzene + conc. HNO3
nitrobenzene - using conc. H2SO4 and 50°C
46
benzene + Br2
benzene attached to 1 bromine - + HBr - using FeBr3/AlBr3
47
benzene + CH3Cl
benzene attached to CH3 - + HCl - using AlCl3
48
benzene + CH3-C=O-Cl (acyl chloride)
benzene attached to C=O-CH3 - + HCl - will go on to react same way as another ketone
49
benzene attached to C=O-CH3 + NaBH4
benzene attached to C-OH-H-CH3 (each one a different bond)
50
nitrobenzene to form phenylamine
- Sn catalyst - conc. HCl - goes from NO2 to NH2
51
phenylamine + 6Br2
bromine attached to phenylamine at 2,4,6
52
phenol + dilute HNO3
- NO2 attaches at either 2 or 4 formation - at room temperature
53
phenol + 3Br2
- bromine attached at 2,4,6 formation - +HBr each time
54
phenol + NaOH
forms the salt with O-Na+ - +H2O
55
what are the steps of preparing an organic solid
- using Quickfit apparatus to heat under reflux and distill - (YEAR 12) - filtration under reduced pressure - recrystallisation - measuring the melting point
56
how do you prepare an organic solid
use quickfit apparatus to heat under reflux and distill
57
how do you purify an organic solid
- carry out filtration under used pressure - to separate a solid product from a solvent or liquid reaction mixture
58
what apparatus do you need to carry out filtration under reduced pressure
- a Buchner flask (like conical flask at the bottom) - a Buchner funnel (like the funnel you put on top, containing a porous plate) - pressure tubing (made of rubber tubing attached to a vacuum outlet) - filter paper - rubber bung - access to filter/vacuum pump
59
how do you carry out filtration under reduced pressure
- connect apparatus together (buchner flask attached to tubing, funnel secured on top with a bung and filter paper) - switch on the vacuum/tap, and check for good suction - place filter paper inside the top, and wet with solvent (that was used to make the crystals) so it becomes sucked down - filter the sample slowly by pouring it in, and rinsing the beaker with solvent so that you obtain all of the product (leave the suction on for a while after so it can begin to dry)
60
why do you carry out recrystallisation
the solid obtained from filtering will contain impurities, which you can remove through recrystallisation
61
how do you carry out recrystallisation
- pour a quantity of a chosen solvent into a conical flask an heat (can use water bath if a flammable solvent, or just bunsen burner if water) - tip your impure sample into a different beaker - slowly add your solvent to your sample until fully dissolved, adding the MINIMUM AMOUNT NECESSARY - allow to cool, and you should find crystals forming (can scratch the bottom of your beaker with glass rod to promote their formation) - once all crystals have formed, filter your sample again using reduced pressure
62
how can you use melting point determination to figure out if your sample is pure
- pure organic substances usually have a very sharp melting range, of just 1/2 degrees - the melting range is just the difference between the temperature the sample starts to melts and ends - pure samples also tend to have a higher melting point than their impure equivalents
63
how do you prepare your sample for melting point determination
- ensure your sample is fully dry - seal one end of a capillary tube using the hot flame of a bunsen burner and rotating it around - allow to cool, and then fill with crystals (you don't need a lot, only about 3mm depth)
64
how do you carry out melting point determination
- use an electrically heated melting apparatus - place your capillary tube in the sample hole and a 0-300°C thermometer in its hole - use the rapid heat setting and heat the sample - view your sample through the magnifying window - once the sample has started to melt, record the temperature of the melting point, and once it has fully melted - repeat the process again, but set to a lower heat setting and raise the temperature more slowly to gain a more accurate estimate

Organic Chemistry Year 13 (10 decks)

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