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Pediatrics > Growth and development > Flashcards

Growth and development Flashcards

1
Q

How much should an infant weigh by 6 months? 12 months?

A

6 months = doubled birth weight

12 months = tripled birth weight

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2
Q

How much length should an infant gain in the 1st 6 months?

A

1 in/ month

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3
Q

How much length should an infant gain in months 6- 12?

A

½ in/ month

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4
Q

What is the last fontanel to close? when?

A

anterior, 9-18 months

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5
Q

when do teeth begin to erupt?

A

about 6 months

- should have about 6 by 1 yr

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6
Q

When does an infant recognize his primary caregiver?

A

4 months

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7
Q

when does an infant distinguish his primary caregiver from others?

A

6 months

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8
Q

When does an infant begin stranger anxiety? separation anxiety?

A

both 8-10 months

- separation anxiety peaks 14-18 months

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9
Q

how much weight would you expect a toddler (1-3 years) to gain?

A

5-10 pounds/ year

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10
Q

how much height would you expect a toddler to gain?

A

3 inches/ year

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11
Q

What does a toddler’s social emotional domain look like?

A
  • no autonomy
  • easily frustrated, temper tantrums
  • egocentric (me, I want)
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12
Q

What does a toddler’s cognitive domain look like?

A

Concrete:

  • understands yes/no but not why
  • consequential action = if I take a toy away from my sister I will go in time out
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13
Q

What are the categories of play?

A
  1. Exploratory
  2. physical
  3. functional
  4. social/dramatic
  5. constructive
  6. games
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14
Q

What are the levels of play?

A
  1. Unoccupied
  2. solitary
  3. onlooker
  4. parallel
  5. associative
  6. cooperative
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15
Q

type of play: observing, Standing still or random movements

A

Unoccupied

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16
Q

type of play: Alone, maintains focus on activity; uninterested in or unaware of what others are doing

A

Solitary

  • 5-12 mos: plays toys by themselves, doesn’t care about playing with other individuals
  • toddlers as well
17
Q

type of play: Watches others, but does not engage in the play; may engage in forms ofsocial interaction, such as conversation about the play, without actually joining in the activity.; Sometimes asks questions, but not actually joining activity

A

onlooker

- toddler, sometimes 4 y/o

18
Q

type of play: Plays separately but close to others, same activity or mimicking actions

A

parallel play

  • AKA adjacent, social coaction
  • toddlers, preschool
19
Q

type of play: interested in the people playing but not in coordinating their activities with those people, OR no organized activity at all, there is a substantial amount of interaction involved, but the activities are not in sync

A

associative

- preschool age

20
Q

type of play: interested both in the people playing and in the activity they are doing; activity is organized, and participants have assigned roles; Self-identification and group identify

A

cooperative

- grade school age

21
Q

how much weight would you expect a preschooler (3-5 years) to gain?

A

3-5 pounds/ year

22
Q

how much height would you expect a preschooler (3-5 years) to gain?

A

2 inches/ year

23
Q

What does a preschooler’s social/emotional and cognitive domains look like?

A
  1. Initiative vs. Guilt- Independently starting tasks, but need acceptance to continue exploring
  2. Imaginative Play- Peak of fantasy and imagination (ie Santa and Sponge Bob are real)
  3. Increased Fears and Anxiety - Nightmares, Monsters under the bed; Fear of separation and abandoment
  4. Strong Social Relationships by 5
  5. Gender/Role Identity
24
Q

resistance of muscle to passive elongation or stretch when an individual attempts to maintain muscle relaxation; degree of residual contraction in resting

A

muscle tone

25
Q

How is muscle tone assessed with palpation according to O’sullivan?

A

when assessing m tone, asses consistency, firmness, and turgor

  • Hypotonic muscles will feel soft and flabby
  • Hypertonic muscles will feel taut and hard
26
Q

What are the grades given for palpation of muscle tone according to MAI (movement assessment of infants)?

A

Assess in supine and prone, gastroc/soleus, triceps, biceps
1 = Muscle feels soft (little resistance to pressure)
3 = Muscle feels sturdy, but some yielding to pressure NORMAL
5 = Muscle feels hard like a rock (little yielding to pressure)

27
Q

What are the grades given for extensibility of muscle tone according to O’sullivan?

A

Assess via repeated passive motion, increasing speed of motion
0 = no response (flaccid)
1+ = decreased response (hypotonia)
2+ = Normal response
3+ = Exaggerated response (mild to moderate hypertonia)
4+ = Sustained response (severe hypertonia)

28
Q

What are the grades given for extensibility of muscle tone according to MAI (movement assessment of infants)?

A

In supine assess hip adductors, ankle plantarflexors, and shoulder extensors
1 = no resistance
2 = Slight resistance throughout ROM
3 = Normal graded resistance through ROM
4 = Greater than normal resistance. Full ROM only during slow movements
5 = Strong resistance, prevents movement through full ROM

29
Q

How is passivity of muscle tone assessed according to O’sullivan?

A

Pendulum test
- Position infant supine or seated with knee flexed over edge of table, fully extend knee, let go and observe amount and duration of swing

30
Q

How is passivity of muscle tone assessed according to MAI (movement assessment of infants)?

A

In supine or sitting, hold either UE or LE just proximal to the wrist or ankle joint. Shake distal part of extremity quickly.
1 = Extremity does not tighten at wrist or ankle
2 = Hand or foot flap for many excursions, but eventually tightens
3 = Extremity tightens at the wrist or ankle after a few excursions
4 = Extremity stiff initially, but some flapping occurs
5 = Extremity is stiff at the wrist or ankle, hand or foot does not flap

31
Q

What are the signs of hypotonia in postural tone?

A
  1. Excessive collapse of body segments
  2. Loss of postural alignments
  3. Inability to sustain a posture against gravity
32
Q

What are the signs of hypertonia in postural tone?

A
  1. Distal fixing (toe curling, hands fisting)
  2. Difficulty moving a body segment through a range
  3. Asymmetric posture
33
Q

What are the grades of postural tone according to MAI?

A 
1 = hypotonia: Child lies flat against supporting surface.  Unable to maintain antigravity posture. Movement is infrequent and weak
3 = normal: Child shows a variety of resting positions.  Moves away from surface. Assumes age appropriate antigravity postures and easily maintains them.  Frequent movements with varied combinations of extremities
5 = hypertonia: Child is pulled strongly toward and extended and asymmetrical posture.  Pulled away from antigravity postures.  Infrequent, slow, and stiff movement

Pediatrics (19 decks)

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