Chapter 3

Question 1

Phonetic inventories

Answer 1

Sounds produced as part of a specific language

Question 2

Phonotactic constraints

Answer 2

Restrictions on possible combinations of sounds within specific languages

Question 3

Dominant hand rules with sign language

Answer 3

Dominant hand used to perform all one-handed signs.

Question 4

Non-dominant hand rules with sign language

Answer 4

If both hands moving, non-dominant hand must have the same hand shape, orientation, and motion as the dominant. It mirrors the fominant.
OR it remains in a stationary position/shape while the dominant hand moves.

Question 5

Sound substitution

Answer 5

When speakers use sounds of their native language to replace non-native sounds. Ex: Eng-this, French-zis

Question 6

aspiration

Answer 6

puff of air with a stop sound ‘t’ in top, transcribed with an exponent h

Question 7

noncontrastive sounds

Answer 7

interchanging 2 different sounds (same letter), ie with our without aspiration, does not change the meaning. English language

Question 8

contrastive sounds

Answer 8

replacing one sound (same letter) in a word, changes the meaning of the word

Question 9

Phoneme

Answer 9

A set of speech sounds that are perceived to be variants of the same sound. Expressed between slashes /t/

Question 10

allophone

Answer 10

various ways a phoneme is pronounced. Example the “t” sounds in stop, top, little, kitten. Expressed in brackets with exponent letter [t (little h) ]

Question 11

phonetic environment

Answer 11

Sounds that come before and after a phone in a word.

Question 12

minimal pair

Answer 12

two words (with different meanings) whose pronunciations differ by exactly one sound. Ex: team & teen

Question 13

complimentary distribution

Answer 13

Considered to be allophones of the same phoneme.

Two sounds will not occur in the same environments but can be predicted to occur in specific phonetic contexts.

Question 14

free variation

Answer 14

two sounds that occur in overlapping environments but cause no distinction in the meaning of their respective words. allophones that are perceived as the same sound. ex: the /p/ in troop, lip, soup, soap, leap

Question 15

overlapping distribution

Answer 15

Occurrence of sounds in the same phonetic distribution. [d] and [t], environment of [li] [d] &[t] are overlapping distribution (can be added to “li” to make words)

Question 16

Underlying Form

Answer 16

The phonemic form of a word or morphene before phonological rules are applied

Question 17

Three parts of phonological rule

Answer 17

1. Sound(s) affected by the rule
2. The environment where the rule applies
3. The result of the rule

Question 18

Conditioning Environment

Answer 18

Neighboring sounds of a given sound that cause it to undergo a change

Question 19

Natural Class

Answer 19

A group of sounds in a language that satisfy a given description to the exclusion of other sounds in that language.

Question 20

Sibilant

Answer 20

segments that have high pitched, hissing sound quality. The natural class of silibants in English are s, sh, z, sion, ja (with phonetic symbols)

Question 21

Labial

Answer 21

Natural class of sounds produced with the lips; includes bilabial and labiodental sounds

Question 22

Obstruents

Answer 22

Natural Class produced with an obstruction of the airflow: stops, fricatives and affricates

Question 23

Sonorants

Answer 23

Natural Class of sounds produced with a relatively open passage for the airflow: nasals, liquids, glides and vowels.

Question 24

Phonological rules: Assimilaition

Answer 24

Causes a sound (or gesture) to become more like a neighboring sound or gesture with respect to a phonetic property

Question 25

Phonological rules: Dissimilation

Answer 25

Causes two close or adjacent sounds to become less similar with respect to some property by means of change in one or both sounds.

Question 26

Phonological rules: Insertion

Answer 26

Causes a segment not present at the phonemic level to be added to the phonetic form of the word.

Question 27

Phonological rules: Deletion

Answer 27

Eliminates a sound that was present at the phonemic level.

Question 28

Phonological rules: metathesis

Answer 28

changes the order of sounds.

Question 29

Phonological rules: strengthening

Answer 29

Makes sounds stronger, stressed by stops

Question 30

Phonological rules: weakening

Answer 30

Causes sounds to be weaker, such as flapping. “tt” sitting, becomes “d”, weaker