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Microbiology > Lecture Exam #2 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Binary Fission

A
  • asexual reproduction
  • genetically identical offspring
  • allows for exponential growth
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2
Q

Generation time

A

the time it takes for a population to double in size

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3
Q

Types of growth

A

Planktonic

Biofilms

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4
Q

Planktonic

A

suspended in liquid

bacteria separated in individual cells

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5
Q

Biofilms

A

growing on surface
layer of bacteria (slime)
can form on organs and tissues
harder to penetrate by disinfectants and antiseptics

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6
Q

Pure Culture

A

only one species of bacteria, genetically identical- growth from a single cell

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7
Q

Nutrient broth

A

liquid containing essential nutrients for bacteria

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8
Q

Nutrient agar

A

growth on surface

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9
Q

Lag phase

A

number of cells does not decrease

cells prepare for growth

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10
Q

Log phase

A

period of exponential growth (doubling of population with each generation)
produce primary metabolites (compounds required for growth)
cells enter late log phase (synthesize secondary metabolites)

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11
Q

Stationary Phase

A

overall population remains stable

  • cells exhausted nutrients
  • cell growth = cell death
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12
Q

Death Phase

A

total number of viable cells decrease at a constant rate

death rate is much slower than growth rate

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13
Q

Phase of prolonged decline

A

gradual decrease in viable cells

fittest cells survive

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14
Q

Psychrophile

A

-5/15 polar lakes

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15
Q

Psychrotroph

A

20/30 room temp

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16
Q

Mesophile

A

25/45 body temp

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17
Q

Thermophile

A

45/70 hot springs/water heater

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18
Q

hyperthermophile

A

Archaea
70+
bottom of ocean
hydrothermal vent

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19
Q

How can some prokaryotes withstand very high temperatures?

A

Proteins from thermophiles are not denatured at high temperatures.
This thermostability is due to the amino acid sequence of the protein.

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20
Q

Neutrophile

A

pH5-pH8 (pH7)

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21
Q

Acidophiles

A

pH below 5.5

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22
Q

Picrophilus oshimae- optimum pH

A

less than 1

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23
Q

Alkaliphiles

A

pH above 8.5

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24
Q

Facultative halophiles (halotolerant)

A

0-10%

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25
Q

Obligate halophiles

A

9%+

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26
Q

plasmolysis

A

cytoplasm dehydrates and shrinks from the cell wall

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27
Q

Function: Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen

A

Component of amino acids, lipids, nucleic acids and sugars

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28
Q

Function: Nitrogen

A

Component of amino acids and nucleic acids

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29
Q

Function: Sulfur

A

Component of some amino acids

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30
Q

Function: Phopshorous

A

Component of nucleic acids, membrane lipids, and ATP

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31
Q

Function: Potassium, Magnesium, and calcium

A

Required for the functioning of certain enzymes; additional functions as well

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32
Q

Function: Iron

A

Part of certain enzymes

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33
Q

Photoautotroph

A

Energy Source: Sunlight

Carbon Source: CO2 Inorganic

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34
Q

Photoheterotroph

A

Energy Source: Sunlight

Carbon Source: Organic

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35
Q

Chemolithoautotroph

A

Energy Source: H2 NH3 NO2- FE2+ H2S

Carbon Source: CO2 inorganic

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36
Q

Chemoorganoheterotroph

A

Energy source: sugars/ amino acids (organic)

Carbon Source: Organic compounds

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37
Q

Which of the energy and carbon source classes include only prokaryotes?

A

Chemoautotrophs, photohetertrophs

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38
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

grows only when o2 is available
requires o2 for respiration
produces superoxide dismutase and catalase

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39
Q

Facultative anerobes

A

Grows best when o2 is available but also grows without
uses o2 for respiration if available
produces superoxide dismutase and catalase

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40
Q

Obligate anerobe

A

cannot grow when o2 is present

does not use o2

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41
Q

microaerophile

A

grows only if small amounts of O2 are available
requires O2 for respiration
produces some superoxide dismutase and catalase

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42
Q

aerotolerant anaerobe

A

grows equally well with or without O2
does not use O2
produces superoxide dismutase

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43
Q

sterilization

A

removal or destruction of ALL microbes and viruses on a product, including endospores but not prions

44
Q

Disinfection

A

elimination of most or all pathogens

disinfectant v antiseptic

45
Q

Disinfectant

A

used for disinfecting inanimate objects

46
Q

Antispetic

A

used for disinfecting body parts

47
Q

Pasteurization

A

Brief heat treatment that reduces the number of spoilage organisms and destroys pathogens

48
Q

Conisderations in microbial growth control

A 
Type of microorganism
Numbers present initially
Environmental conditions
Risk of infection
Composition of item
Cost/availability
Toxicity
49
Q

Methods for microbial growth control

A 
Moist Heat
Dry Heat
Filtration
Radiation
Pressure
Chemical
50
Q

Types of moist heat

A

Boiling
Pasteurization
Autoclave

51
Q

Boiling

A

destroys most microorganisms and viruses; not endospores

52
Q

Pasteurization

A

used to increase shelf life of food

does not sterilize but significantly reduces organisms

53
Q

Autoclave

A

Uses pressurized steam
121 degrees, 15 min
effectively sterilizes

54
Q

Dry Heat

A

not as effective as moist heat
200 for 90 min vs 121 for 15 min
incineration- inoculating loops

55
Q

Filtration

A 
Membrane filtration (beer and wine)
Filtration of air
56
Q

Radiation

A

Electromagnetic radiation
Energy released from waves
Radiation can be ionizing or non-ionizing

57
Q

Low temperature

A

Bacteriostatic not bacteriocidal
Ice crystals may damage some microbes
Can kill some eukaryotic parasites

58
Q

Pressure

A

Denatures proteins
Requires less heat
Used for foods

59
Q

Chemical

A 
Chemicals can be used to disinfect and sterilize
Called germicidal chemicals
Reacts with vital cell sites
Proteins
DNA
Cell membrane
60
Q

Antimicrobial

A

drug that inhibits growth of or kills microorganisms
Antibacterial
Antifungal
Antiprotozoan

61
Q

Antibiotic

A

A compound naturally produced by molds or bacteria that inhibits the growth of or kills other microorganisms

62
Q

Antiviral

A

a drug that interferes with viral replication

63
Q

Examples of Antibiotic

A

Penicillium

Steptomyoces griseus

64
Q

Selective toxicity to microbes

A

antibiotics should cause greater harm to microorganisms than to human host

65
Q

Therapeutic Index

A

lowest dose toxic to patient/dose typically used for treatment
high therapeutic index= less toxic to patient

66
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

drugs inhibit bacterial growth

Bacteriocidal drugs are useful in situations when host defenses cannot be relied upon to control pathogen

67
Q

Bacteriocidal

A

drugs kill bacteria
Bacteriostatic drugs rely on host immunity to eliminate pathogen
Examples

68
Q

broad spectrum antimicrobials

A

affect a wide range of bacteria

69
Q

narrow spectrum antimicrobials

A

affect a limited range of bacteria

70
Q

Tissue distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs

A

Drugs differ in how they are distributed, metabolized and excreted
Rate of elimination of drug from body expressed in half-life
Patients with liver or kidney damage tend to excrete drugs more slowly

71
Q

Synergistic

A

action of one drug enhances another

72
Q

Antagonistic

A

action of one drug interferes with another

73
Q

Additive

A

effect of combination is neither synergistic or antagonistic

74
Q

Adverse Side Affects

A

Allergic reactions
Toxic Effects
Suppression of the normal microbiota

75
Q

intrinsic (innate) resistance

A

Features of the bacterium provide resistance to antibacterial drugs

76
Q

Acquired (adaptive) resistance

A

Previously sensitive populations become resistant through genetic change

77
Q

Antibacterial drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis

A

ß-lactam drugs: penicillins, cephalosporins, others
Vancomycin
Bacitracin
All are bacteriocidal

78
Q

ß-lactam drugs

A

Have ß-lactam rings
Penicillin is naturally produced by the fungus, Penicllium chrysogenum
Cephalosporins are derived from a fungus, Acremonium cephalosporium

79
Q

How does penicillin inhibit cell wall synthesis ? What affect does it have on the cell?

A

Inhibit penicillin-binding proteins (enzymes that form peptide bridges between adjacent glycan strands)
Result: no PG formation  cell lysis

80
Q

Cephalosporins

A

derived from Acremonium cephalosporium
More resistant to ß-lactamases
Better action against Gram-negative bacteria

81
Q

Vanomyocin

A

Treat serious Gram-positive infections resistant to ß-lactam drugs

82
Q

Bacitran

A

Used in topical antibiotic ointments against Gram-positive bacteria

83
Q

Antibacterial drugs that interfere with the plasma membrane

A

Polymixin B

Daptomyocin

84
Q

Daptomyocin

A

Inserts into membrane, kills cell

Gram positive

85
Q

Polymixin B

A

Polymixn B most common
Causes membrane to become leaky
Gram negative

86
Q

Antibacterial medications that inhibit protein synthesis and the process

A

Attaching to subunits of 70S ribosome
Most are bacteriostatic
Broad spectrum except macrolides and some newer drugs
Concerns about toxicity in many

Aminogycosides
Tetracyclines
Macrolides

87
Q

Aminogycosides

A 
Cause ribosome distortion and malfunction 
Not effective against anaerobes, enterococci and streptococci
Side effects (extended use): kidney damage, hearing loss
Ex. Neomycin —used in ointments
88
Q

Tetracyclines

A

Prevent binding of tRNA to ribosome
Selectively transported into prokaryotic cells
Resistance occurs through decreased accumulation
Side effects: teeth discoloration in young children

89
Q

Macrolides

A

Bind to 50S ribosome
Effective against variety of Gram (+) organisms and those responsible for atypical pneumonia
Resistance occurs through alteration of ribosomal target
Frequently used by people with penicillin allergies
Ex. Erythromycin

90
Q

Anitbacterial drugs that inhibit metabolic pathways

A 
Relatively few
Most useful are folate inhibitors
(synthesis of folate -synthesis of coenzyme required for nucleotide biosynthesis)
Broad spectrum
Common examples
Sulfonamides
Trimethoprim 
selectively toxic
91
Q

Antibacterial drugs that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis`

A

fluoroquinolones

rifamycins

92
Q

Antibacterial drugs that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis process

A

Disrupt DNA replication and transcription
Bactericidal
Broad spectrum

93
Q

Fluoroquinolones

A

Bind to DNA gyrase, prevent DNA from unwinding

94
Q

Rifamycins

A

Bind to prokaryotic DNA polymerase

95
Q

Rifampin is used against

A

mycobacteria

96
Q

Strategies for fighting infection

A

Trial-and-error drug therapy
Give several different drugs at once
Determine susceptibility to drugs

97
Q

Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

A

Lowest concentration of drug needed to prevent growth in vitro

98
Q

Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion Test

A

Spread standard concentration of bacteria on plate
Place antibiotic-disks on surface
Zone of inhibition
Chart to correlate size to susceptibility

99
Q

E test

A

Strips have increasing concentrations of antibiotic

Read MIC

100
Q

Broth Dilution Tests

A

Automated test wells

Read MIC–automated measure of turbidity

101
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum total of all the chemical reactions in a cell

102
Q

Catabolism

A

releases energy by oxidation of molecules

103
Q

Anabolism

A

uses energy to synthesize macromolecules that make up the cell

104
Q

Enzymes

A

Speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy
are selective about the reactions they catalyze
unchanged by the reaction they catalyze
can be inhibited by molecules

105
Q

ATP made during __ is used in __

A

Catabolism, anabolism

106
Q

Cellular respiration steps

A
  1. Gycolysis
  2. Transition Step
  3. Krebs Cycle
  4. Electron Transport Chain

Microbiology (3 decks)

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