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MSK Exam II > UE joints - Shoulder And Elbow > Flashcards

UE joints - Shoulder And Elbow Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: all joints of the upper extremity are synovial and diarthrotic

A

True

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2
Q

Which upper limb joint has the following characteristics:

Synovial; plane

Diarthrotic; gliding and rotation of scapula on clavicle

A

Acromioclavicular joint

[articulating bones are the acromion process of scapula and the clavicle]

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3
Q

Which upper limb joint has the following characteristics:

Synovial; ball-and-socket

Diarthrotic; multi-axial: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation of humerus/arm

A

Glenohumeral joint

[articulating bones are the scapula and humerus]

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4
Q

Which upper limb joint has the following characteristics:

Synovial; hinge

Diarthrotic; uniaxial: flexion, extension of forearm

A

Elbow

[articulating bones are the ulna+radius and humerus]

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5
Q

Which upper limb joint has the following characteristics:

Synovial; pivot

Diarthrotic; uniaxial: rotation of radius around long axis of forearm to allow pronation and supination

A

Proximal radioulnar joint

[articulating bones are radius and ulna]

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6
Q

Which upper limb joint has the following characteristics:

Synovial; pivot; contains articular disc

Diarthrotic; uniaxial: rotation (convex head of ulna rotates in the ulnar notch of radius)

A

Distal radioulnar joint

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7
Q

Which upper limb joint has the following characteristics:

Synovial; shallow saddle with articular disc

Diarthrotic; multiaxial

A

Sternoclavicular joint

[articulating bones are sternum and clavicle]

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8
Q

What is another term for saddle joint?

A

Sellar joint

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9
Q

The sternoclavicular joint is classified as a shallow saddle joint, but may also be referred to as a ___________ ____________ because of the interarticular disc

A

Double saddle (or double gliding)

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10
Q

The pectoral girdle is made up of only 2 bones - what are they?

A

Scapula

Clavicle

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11
Q

What are the 2 joints of the pectoral girdle?

A

Sternoclavicular joint

Acromioclavicular joint

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12
Q

What is the only TRUE bony articulation between the upper limb and thorax?

A

Sternoclavicular joint

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13
Q

Which joint of the upper extremity has 2 separate synovial cavities?

A

Sternoclavicular joint

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of movements that take place at the multi-axial sternoclavicular joint?

A

Elevation/depression

Protraction/retraction

Rotation

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15
Q

Is dislocation of the sternoclavicular joint common? Why or why not?

A

No, it rarely occus because the SC joint is very strong; would need a strong longitudinal compressive force in order to dislocate it

You are more likely to have a fracture if this type of force is applied

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16
Q

Although SC dislocations are rare, what is the most common cause?

A

Fractures through the epiphyseal plate at the sternal end of the clavicle in individuals less than 25 years old

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17
Q

What is the Sprengel Deformity?

A

Rare congenital anomaly resulting in high placement of scapula

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18
Q

What happens to the musculature surrounding the scapula with the Sprengel deformity? What does this lead to?

A

Regional muscle hypoplasia or atrophy

Leads to disfigurement and limitation of shoulder movement

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19
Q

What causes a winged scapula deformity?

A

Muscles of the scapula are weak or paralyzed - may result from brachial plexus injury or post-infection

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20
Q

What nerve of the brachial plexus is commonly associated with the winged scapula deformity?

A

Long thoracic n.

21
Q

Winged scapula deformity is characterized by medial border of scapula protruding like wings - what are the clinical implications of this deformity and what are the treatments (i.e., what muscle needs to be strengthened?)

A

Patient will have limited ability to stabilize the scapula

Treatment includes strengthening muscles - particularly serratus anterior m.

22
Q

What ligaments are associated with the acromioclavicular joint?

A

Superior and inferior acromioclavicular ligaments

Accessory ligaments = coracoclavicular ligaments

23
Q

What are the 3 components of the coracoacromial arch?

A

Acromion

Coracoacromial ligament

Coracoid process

24
Q

Dislocation at which upper extremity joint is characterized as a shoulder separation?

A

Acriomioclavicular dislocation

25
Q

What are the 3 grades of a shoulder separation aka acromioclavicular dislocation?

A

Grade 1: acromioclavicular ligament sprain

Grade 2: acromioclavicular ligament tear

Grade 3: both acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular ligaments are torn

26
Q

What fibrocartilaginous structure functions to slightly deepen the glenoid cavity?

A

Glenoid labrum

27
Q

What is the most commonly dislocated upper extremity joint?

A

Glenohumeral joint

28
Q

The glenohumeral joint is commonly dislocated. Most dislocations occur in the ____________ direction, but are described as ___________.

A

Inferior; anterior

29
Q

What structures tend to prevent upward dislocation of the glenohumeral joint?

A

Coracoacromial arch structures (acromion, coracoacromial ligament, coracoid process)

Rotator cuff muscles

30
Q

Anterior dislocations of the glenohumeral joint occur most often in young adults due to what motion?

A

Hyperextension with lateral rotation

[humeral head is forced in an infero-anterior direction; fibrous layer of joint capsule and glenoid labrum may tear]

31
Q

How does anterior dislocation of the glenohumeral joint occur from a hard blow to the humerus while fully abducted?

A

Humeral head is tilted inferiorly and pushed through weaker part of joint capsule

Joint capsule may tear such that humeral head is positioned inferior to glenoid cavity and anterior to infraglenoid tubercle

32
Q

What deformity of the upper extremity is characterized by the humeral head resting against the antero-inferior part of the glenoid, chipping the humeral head?

A

Hill-Sach’s Deformity

33
Q

Hill Sach’s Deformity is characterized by the humeral head resting against the antero-inferior part of the glenoid, chipping the humeral head.

What type of injury causes this?

A

Posterolateral humeral head compression fracture - usually secondary to recurrent anterior shoulder dislocations

34
Q

What condition results from chronic inflammation in the glenohumeral joint, leading to fibrosis between the joint capsule, rotator cuff muscles, and synovial bursa?

A

Adhesive capsulitis of glenohumeral joint

35
Q

What is the common term used to describe adhesive capsulitis of the glenohumeral joint?

A

Frozen shoulder

36
Q

What motion is primarily affected by adhesive capsulitis of the glenohumeral joint (frozen shoulder)

A

Abduction; compensatory scapular movements

37
Q

What injuries might initiate adhesive capsulitis of the glenohumeral joint (frozen shoulder)?

A

Glenohumeral dislocation

Supraspinatus tendonitis

Bicipital tendonitis

Rotator cuff tears

38
Q

What are the 2 types of glenoid labrum injury and which one is more common?

A

Superior labrum anteroposterior (SLAP) injury

Inferior labrum anteroposterior (ILAP) injury

SLAP is more common

39
Q

The long biceps head tendon attaches to the labrum as well as the superior glenoid tubercle. How might a superior labrum anteroposterior (SLAP) injury occur?

A

Tear of labrum due to sudden contraction of biceps or forceful subluxation of humerus

40
Q

What 3 articulations make up the elbow (cubital) joint?

A

Humeroulnar articulation

Humeroradial articulation

Proximal radioulnar articulation

41
Q

What ligaments are associated with the elbow?

A

Humeroulnar and humeroradial ligaments (lateral/radial collateral and medial/ulnar collateral ligaments)

Proximal radioulnar (annular) ligament

42
Q

What injury, commonly known as nursemaid’s elbow, is caused by sudden lifting motion of the upper limb in a jerking motion (common in children)?

A

Subluxation/dislocation of radial head

43
Q

During subluxation/dislocation of radial head, the distal attachment of the _________ ligament becomes torn

A

Annular

44
Q

If a sail sign is present on the x-ray of an elbow, what does it mean?

What causes the sail sign?

A

Elbow joint effusion

Could indicate radial head fracture; fluid pushes up anterior condylar fat pad and posterior olecranon fat pad

45
Q

What elbow ligament is commonly injured in baseball pitchers?

A

Ulnar collateral ligament

46
Q

A torn ulnar collateral ligament can be repaired with full restoration of function by grafting tendon from what muscle?

A

Palmaris longus m.

47
Q

What is the term for a complete transverse fracture of the distal 2 cm of the radius?

A

Colle’s fracture

48
Q

Colle’s fracture, or complete transverse fracture of the distal 2 cm of the radius, is associated with _______ displacement of the distal fragment.

It results from forced ________ of the hand on an outstretched limb while breaking a fall. The bone fragment often takes shape of a silver fork on x-rays.

A

Dorsal

Extension

MSK Exam II (20 decks)

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