Nutrition in health and disease

Question 1

What are the fixed components of nutrient demand?

Answer 1

Basal requirements
Mechanical work
Substrate turnover

Question 2

What does the membrane require energy for?

Answer 2

Pumps
Signalling
Transport

Question 3

What mechanical work is involved in the fixed component of nutrient demand?

Answer 3

Cellular level

Tissue level

Question 4

What are the variable components of nutrient demand?

Answer 4

Processing dietro intake
Physical activity
Maintaining body temp
Growth

Question 5

How can basal metabolic rate be measured?

Answer 5

Direct calorimetry

Question 6

What does basal metabolic rate depend on?

Answer 6

Lean body mass

Activity and illness

Question 7

What is nutritional failure?

Answer 7

Failure to meet nutritional requirements

Development of deficiencies

Question 8

What is malnutrition?

Answer 8

State of nutrition in which a deficiency or excess of energy, protein and other nutrients, causes measurable adverse effects on tissue/body form (body shape, size, composition), body function and clinical outcome

Question 9

What terms does malnutrition encompass?

Answer 9

Protein energy malnutrition- both over and under

Malnutrition of other nutrients e.g. micronutrients

Question 10

What is marasmus?

Answer 10

Severe protein and calorie malnutrition characterised by energy deficiency

Question 11

What is kwashiorkor?

Answer 11

Protein energy malnutrition causing bloated appearance

Question 12

What does over nutrition cause?

Answer 12

Obesity, which leads to longer term problems

Question 13

How is over nutrition usually defined?

Answer 13

BMI

Question 14

What BMIs would be seen as overweight and obese?

Answer 14

>25= overweight
>30= obese

Question 15

What can obesity lead to?

Answer 15

Metabolic syndromes

Cancer

Question 16

What metabolic diseases can obesity lead to?

Answer 16

Hypertension
CV disease 
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Fatty liver
NASH
Cirrhosis

Question 17

What cancers can obesity contribute to?

Answer 17

Breast

Bowel

Question 18

What does undernutrition lead to?

Answer 18

Weight loss and impaired function

Question 19

What BMIs would be seen as underweight?

Answer 19

<20= underweight
<18= physical impairment
<16= increasingly severe consequences

Question 20

How is undernutrition screened?

Answer 20

Malnutrition universal screening tool

Question 21

What is used in the malnutrition universal screening tool?

Answer 21

BMI
Unintentional weight loss
Diet in last 5 days

Question 22

What is malnutrition associated with?

Answer 22

Illness
Social isolation
Age
Socially vulnerable groups

Question 23

What are the consequences of malnutrition?

Answer 23

Impaired immune response
Reduced muscle strength 
Impaired wound healing and recovery from illness/surgery
Impaired psychosocial function
Poorer clinical outcomes

Question 24

What are the 3 causes of undernutrition?

Answer 24

Appetite failure
Access failure
Intestinal failure

Question 25

What are the appetite failure causes of under nutrition?

Answer 25

Anorexia nervosa

Disease related

Question 26

What are the access related causes f under nutrition?

Answer 26

Teeth
Stroke
Cancer of head and neck
Head injury

Question 27

What causes intestinal failure malnutrition?

Answer 27

Reduction in function gut mass below minimal amount necessary for adequate digestion and absorption of nutrients

Question 28

How does illness have an effect on nutrition?

Answer 28

Can radically alter intake and demand and create negative imbalance