Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Semester 3: Applied, Head, Neck and Neuroanatomy > Session 3 > Flashcards

Session 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Which blood vessels arise from the brachiocephalic trunk?

A

Subclavian and Common carotid arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which arteries are given of the subclavian at the base of the neck?

A
  • Vetebral artery
  • Internal thoracic
  • Thyrocervical arteries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the common carotid bifurcate into?

A
  • External carotid artery

- Internal carotid artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do the branches of the thyrocervical trunk do?

A
  • Ascending cervical and Transverse cervical arteries supply the neck
  • Suprascapular supplies the shoulder
  • Inferior thyroid supples the lower pole of the thyroid gland
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the path of the vetebral arteries?

A
  • ARise from the subclavian arteries on the right and left
  • Ascend in the neck through transverse foramina in cervical vertebrae 6-1 and pass through the foramen magnum
  • Vertebral arteries supply the brain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does the internal cariotid artery enter the skull?

A

Through the carotid canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where does the internal jugular vein lie?

A

Lateral to the common carotid and mostly under the sternocleidomastoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where does the common carotid artery bifurcate?

A

-C4 at the level of the superior border of the thyroid cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What commonly forms at the birfurcation of the carotid artery and what is the effect?

A

Atheromas. This causes stenosis of the artery. Also rupture of the clot can cause an embolus to travel to the brain. Leading to a transient ischameic attack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is located at the carotid sinus?

A

Baroreceptors for detecting changes in arterial blood pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a carotid sinus?

A

Swelling at region of bifurcation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is located in the carotid body?

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors which detect arterial O2.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the borders of the carotid triangle?

A

Superior: Posterior belly of the digastric muscle.
Lateral: Medial border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
Inferior: Superior belly of the omohyoid muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the importance of the carotid triangle?

A
  • Important for surgical approach to the carotid arteries or internal jugular vein
  • Access the vagus and hypoglossal nerves
  • Carotid pulse can felt in just below the birfurcation
  • Carotid sinus massage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why can you terminates a supraventricular tachycardia with a carotid sinus massage?

A
  • A carotid massage increase pressure in the artery
  • This means that the vagus nerve is stimulated and send signal in the brain to decrease the heart rate in order to decrease the pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the path of the internal carotid artery?

A
  • Enters the skull through the carotid canal
  • Turns medially and horizontally
  • Enters cranial cavity and makes an S-shaped bend
  • Courses through the cavernous sinus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the contents of the cavernous sinus?

A
  • Plexus of extremely thin-walled veins on upper surface of sphenoid
  • Internal carotid artery
  • Oculomotor nerve
  • Trochlear nerve
  • Abducent nerve
  • Opthalmic and Maxillary nerve of the trigeminal nerve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the branches of the external carotid artery?

A
  • Superior thyroid
  • Lingual
  • Facial
  • Ascending pharyngeal
  • Occipital
  • Posterior auricular
  • Superficial temporal
  • Maxillary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the blood supply to the scalp and their roots?

A

From internal carotid artery

  • Supra-orbital artery
  • Supratrochlear artery

From external carotid artery

  • Superficial temporal artery
  • Posterior auricular artery
  • Occipital artery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the blood supply to the scalp?

A

Rich blood supply with many anastomoses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the layers of the scalp?

A 
Skin
(Dense) Connective tissue
Aponeurosis
Loose Connective tissue
Periosteum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where do the blood vessels in scalp lie?

A

In subcutaneous connective tissue layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How is constriction of the blood vessels limited and what are the issues of this?

A

Walls of the arteries are closely attached to connective tissue.
However you can get profuse bleeding as a result of this if damaged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are implication of the numerous anastomoses in the scalp?

A

You can get profuse bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The Loss of the scalp results in bone necrosis. True/False

A

False. Blood supply to the skull is mostly via the middle meningeal artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Why can deep lacerations involving epicranial aponeurosis cause profuse bleeding?

A

Due to the opposing pull of occipitofrontalis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where can the facial artery pulse be felt?

A
  • Inferior border of mandible

- Anterior to the masseter muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Which superficial facial arteries don’t arise from the external carotid arteries?

A

Supra-orbital

Supratrochlear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are some important branches of the maxillary artery?

A
  • Middle meningeal

- Sphenopalatine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the blood supply to the nasal septum?

A

It is an anastomoses of arteries in Kiesselbach area.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the most important branches of the kiesselbach area?

A
  • Septal brach of sphenopalatine artery

- Anterior ethmoidal arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the clinical relevance of the Kiesselbach area?

A

Common site of nose bleeds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the blood supply to the skull and dura?

A

Middle meningeal artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

A fracture to which part of the skull can rupture the middle meningeal artery?

A

Pterion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the result of a middle meningeal artery?

A

Extra-dural haemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How is a craniotomy done and why?

A
  • The bone and scalp are reflected inferiorly to gain access to the cranial cavity.
  • To preserve blood supply
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the venous drainage of the scalp?

A

Superficial veins accompany arteries

  • Superficial temporal veins
  • Occipital vein
  • Posterior auricular veins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What forms angular veins and what does it drain into?

A

Supraorbital and Supratrochlear veins.

Drain into the facial vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Where do the deep veins of the scalp in the temporal region drain into?

A

The pterygoid venous plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the connection between the venous drainage of the scalp and dural venous sinuses?

A

Several emissary veins connect to the duplicate veins of the scalp then to the dural venous sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is special about emissary veins and the veins of the face?

A

They are valveless

42
Q

What is the effect of the spread of infection from the scalp to the cranial cavity?

A

It can affect the Meninges

43
Q

What happens to the facial vein in the medial angle of the eye?

A

It communicates with the superior opthalmic and drains into the cavernous sinus.

44
Q

How can infection spread to the dural venous sinuses?

A

The deep facial veins drain into the pterygoid venous plexus

45
Q

What is thrombophlebitis of facial vein?

A

An infected clot can travel to intracranial venous system

46
Q

What is the cavernous sinus?

A

Plexus of extremely thin-walled veins on upper surface of sphenoid

47
Q

What are the contents of the cavernous sinus?

A
  • Internal carotid artery
  • Oculomotor nerve
  • Trochlear nerve
  • Abducent nerve
  • Opthalmic and maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve
48
Q

What the “danger triangle” of the face?

A

Infection in a region of the fact can spread through the venous system to the dural venous sinuses

49
Q

Which is a better indicator of the pressure of the right atrium? IJV or EJV

A

Internal Jugular Vein is better indication pressure in the right atrium

50
Q

How do you measure the jugular venous pressure?

A
  • Use the right Internal jugular vein
  • PAtient at a 45 degree angle with the head slightly to the left
  • Pulsations are observed through the sternocleidomastoid muscle which hide the internal jugular vein
  • The height measured in 5cm from the sternal angle
  • MEasured in cmH2O
51
Q

What are some important branches of the maxillary artery?

A
  • Middle meningeal

- Sphenopalatine

52
Q

What is the blood supply to the nasal septum?

A

It is an anastomoses of arteries in Kiesselbach area.

53
Q

What are the most important branches of the kiesselbach area?

A
  • Septal brach of sphenopalatine artery

- Anterior ethmoidal arteries

54
Q

How do you measure the jugular venous pressure?

A
  • Use the right Internal jugular vein
  • PAtient at a 45 degree angle with the head slightly to the left
  • Pulsations are observed through the sternocleidomastoid muscle which hide the internal jugular vein
  • The height measured in 5cm from the sternal angle
  • MEasured in cmH2O
55
Q

Which is a better indicator of the pressure of the right atrium? IJV or EJV

A

Internal Jugular Vein is better indication pressure in the right atrium

56
Q

What the “danger triangle” of the face?

A

Infection in a region of the fact can spread through he venous system to the dural venous sinuses

57
Q

What are the contents of the cavernous sinus?

A
  • Internal carotid artery
  • Oculomotor nerve
  • Trochlear nerve
  • Abducent nerve
  • Opthalmic and maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve
58
Q

What is the cavernous sinus?

A

Plexus of extremely thin-walled veins on upper surface of sphenoid

59
Q

What is thrombophlebitis of facial vein?

A

An infected clot can travel to intracranial venous system

60
Q

How can infection spread to the dural venous sinuses?

A

The deep facial veins drain into the pterygoid venous plexus

61
Q

What happens to the facial vein in the medial angle of the eye?

A

It communicates with the superior opthalmic and drains into the cavernous sinus.

62
Q

What is the effect of the spread of infection from the scalp to the cranial cavity?

A

It can affect the Meninges

63
Q

What is special about emissary veins and the veins of the face?

A

They are valveless

64
Q

What is the connection between the venous drainage of the scalp and dural venous sinuses?

A

Several emissary veins connect to the duplicate veins of the scalp then to the dural venous sinuses

65
Q

Where do the deep veins of the scalp in the temporal region drain into?

A

The pterygoid venous plexus

66
Q

What forms angular veins and what does it drain into?

A

Supraorbital and Supratrochlear veins.

Drain into the facial vein

67
Q

What is the venous drainage of the scalp?

A

Superficial veins accompany arteries

  • Superficial temporal veins
  • Occipital vein
  • Posterior auricular veins
68
Q

How is a craniotomy done and why?

A
  • The bone and scalp are reflected inferiorly to gain access to the cranial cavity.
  • To preserve blood supply
69
Q

What is the result of a middle meningeal artery?

A

Extra-dural haemorrhage

70
Q

A fracture to which part of the skull can rupture the middle meningeal artery?

A

Pterion

71
Q

What are some examples of lympahtic organs and tissues?

A
  • Lymph nodes
  • Spleen
  • Tonsils
  • Thymus
72
Q

How is lymph fluid formed?

A
  • At the arteriole end of the capillary, the hydrostatic pressure is greater than the oncotic pressure
  • Fluid moves out of the capillaries into the interstitial space
  • At the venule end of the capillary, the oncotic pressure is greater than the hydrostatic pressure so fluid is reabsorbed
  • Due to little proteins In the interstitial fluid, some fluid remains in the interstitum
  • Excess Fluid that is not reabsorbed moves from the interstitial space into the lymph vessels
73
Q

What is the blood supply to the skull and dura?

A

Middle meningeal artery

74
Q

What is the clinical relevance of the Kiesselbach area?

A

Common site of nose bleeds.

75
Q

How much lymph fluid is produced per day?

A

3-4 litres

76
Q

What is the function lymphatic vessels?

A
  • Continuous removal of remaining tissue fluid and proteins from extracellular space back to blood circulation.
  • It is also a route for spread of infection and malignant disease
77
Q

What is the rate of flow of lymph in the lymph node?

A

It is slower

78
Q

Pressure in the lymphatic system is higher than venous system. True/False

A

True

79
Q

What is uni-directional flow of lymph?

A
  • Tissue fluid
  • Lymphatic Capillary
  • Lymphatic vessels
  • Lymph nodes
  • Lymphatic vessels
  • Lymphatic trunks
  • Lymphatic ducts
  • Venous system
80
Q

How does the fluid flow thorough the lymphatic systems?

A
  • Passive constriction
  • Intrinsic constriction
  • Fluid goes through valves
81
Q

How does the lymph fluid enter the venous system?

A

It goes through the lymphatic duct into the subclavian veins

82
Q

What is lymphoedema?

A

Abnormal collection of protein-rich fluid causing tissue swelling due to compromised lymphatic system

83
Q

What are the causes of lymphoedema?

A
  • Removal or enlargement of lymph nodes
  • Infections
  • Damage to lymphatic system such as cancer treatments
  • Lack of limb movement
  • Congenital issues (such as Milroy’s syndrome)
84
Q

What is the structure of lymph nodes?

A
  • Tough fibrous outer capsule

- Reticular connective tissue inside

85
Q

What is the key role of the lymph nodes?

A

-Immune surveillance and defence

86
Q

How does the lymph node achieve its roles?

A

Highly organised centres of immune cells such as lymphocytes and macrophages. This helps it deal with the pathogens if they are present in the lymph fluid due to transfer from an infected tissue

87
Q

What makes the lymph node painful in stretch?

A

Its fibrous capsule

88
Q

What the common causes of an enlarged lymph node?

A
  • Infection

- Malignancy

89
Q

What does an enlarged lymph node as a result of infection feel like?

A
  • Tender

- Mobile

90
Q

What does an enlarged lymph node as a result of malignancy feel like?

A
  • Hard
  • Matted
  • Non-tender
91
Q

What is the organisation of lymph nodes?

A
  • Regional nodes that drain specific area

- Terminal nodes that receive drainage from number of regional nodes

92
Q

Where are specific regions in the bod where lymph nodes are palpable?

A
  • Neck (cervical)
  • Armpit (axillary)
  • Diaphragm
  • Spleen
  • Abdominal
  • Pelvic
  • Groin
93
Q

What is lymphadenopathy?

A

Enlarged lymph nodes

94
Q

What separates the deep and superficial lymph nodes in the neck?

A

Investing layer of deep cervical fascia

95
Q

What structure are most of the deep lymph nodes associated with?

A

Internal jugular vein in the carotid sheath

96
Q

Where are lymph nodes located?

A
  • Submental
  • Sub-mandibular
  • Pre-auricular
  • Post auricular
  • Occipital
97
Q

What is waldeyer’s ring?

A

Annular collection of lymphatic tissue surrounding the entrance to the aerodigestive tracts

98
Q

What is present in Waldeyer’s ring?

A
  • Pharyngeal tonsil
  • Tubal tonsil
  • Palatine tonsils
  • Lingual tonsils
99
Q

Where do lymphatics from tonsils draining the upper pharynx drain into?

A

Retropharyngeal Lymph Nodes

100
Q

Where does lymph from the superficial lymph nodes drain to?

A

Deep lymph nodes

101
Q

What is the function of the supraclavicular lymph nodes?

A

Oversee transport of lymph from the thoracic cavity and abdomen

Left node: Abdomen and thorax
Right node: Mid section chest, oesophagus and lungs

102
Q

Where does lymph fluid passing through deep cervical lymph nodes eventually drain?

A

Drains via thoracic duct into subclavian vein

Semester 3: Applied, Head, Neck and Neuroanatomy (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions