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Swallowing > L4 Innervation > Flashcards

L4 Innervation Flashcards

1
Q

Innervation can either be _____ or ____.

A

Afferent or efferent

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2
Q

The nerves that provide efferent innervation are:

A

CN V, VII, IX, X, XII

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3
Q

What are the motor functions of CN V?

A

Innervates the muscles of mastication and the floor of the mouth

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4
Q

What are the motor functions of CN VII?

A

Innervates the muscles of the lips, which is a sphincter

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5
Q

What are the motor functions of CN IX?

A

Innervates pharyngeal constrictors and stylopharyngeus

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6
Q

What are the motor functions of CN X?

A

Serves palate, pharynx, larynx, esophagus

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7
Q

What are the motor functions of CN XII?

A

Innervates tongue

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8
Q

The nerves that provide afferent innervation are:

A

CN V, CN VII, CN IX, CN X

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9
Q

CN ____ provides general sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue while CN ____ provides taste to this area.

A

V

VII

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10
Q

CN ____ provides taste and sensation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue.

A

IX

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11
Q

What is the sensory role of CN X?

A

Sensation of mucosa of valleculae

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12
Q

What are the 3 major components of neural control?

A

Cerebral fibers
Brainstem nuclei
Afferent/efferent fibers

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13
Q

The cerebral fibers are comprised of:

A

Afferent fibers, efferent fibers, integrating areas

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14
Q

The brainstem nuclei are comprised of:

A

Sensory nuclei, motor nuclei, interneuron nuclei

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15
Q

The afferent/efferent fibers are comprised of:

A

Peripheral afferent/efferent nerves

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16
Q

Sensory information is sent to ________ while motor information is sent to ___________.

A

The postcentral gyrus

The precentral gyrus

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17
Q

Name the four integration areas and their functions.

A

Insula – site of sensorimotor integration
Internal capsule – pathway for ascending and descending fibers
Pars triangularis – representation of taste
Gustatory area – sensation of taste

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18
Q

Where is the pars triangularis located?

A

Frontal operculum, in the inferior frontal gyrus

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19
Q

The cortical and subcortical sites involved in the pharyngeal phase of swallowing include:

A

Primary and secondary sensorimotor cortices, insula, anterior and posterior cingulate cortices, basal ganglia, amygdala, hypothalamus, substantia nigra

20
Q

True/False

The cortical and subcortical regions involved in swallowing form the infratentorium.

A

False – supratentorium

21
Q

Neuronal influences on swallowing are either ___ or ____.

A

Excitatory, inhibitory

22
Q

The ______ and _______ exhibit excitatory control on swallowing via dopaminergic mechanisms.

A

Amygdala, lateral hypothalamus

23
Q

The _______ and ________ inhibit swallowing.

A

Periaqueductal grey, ventrolateral pontine reticular formation

24
Q

Why is swallowing inhibition important?

A

In the oral preparation and oral transport phases, it prevents the premature trigger of the pharyngeal swallow.

25
Q

Where do fibers from the cranial nerves and cerebral centres synapse, and what are this region’s roles?

A

Brainstem nuclei in reticular formation (roughly in pons) – regulates alertness, fatigue, motivation, sleeping, eating

26
Q

True/False

You only need one intact swallowing centre for swallowing to occur.

A

True

27
Q

True/False

Visceral input, like respiratory information, is sent to the swallowing centre.

A

True

28
Q

The infratentorium is comprised mainly of:

A

The medulla

29
Q

The central pattern generator within the _______ helps control the _________ and _______ phases of swallowing.

A

medulla, Pharyngeal, esophageal

30
Q

What are CPGs?

A

Neuronal pools that contain sensory, motor and interneurons that work together to control sequential, rhythmic and somatic events within the body. Functions independently of sensory feedback.

31
Q

True/False

Neurons in the CPG fire superiorally to inferiorally

A

False – rostral to caudal

32
Q

True/False

CPGs have unilateral representation in the medulla.

A

False – bilateral

33
Q

What are the motor neurons that are involved in the swallowing CPG?

A

CN V, VII, XII motor nuclei
Nucleus ambiguus (CN IX, X)
Dorsal motor nucleus (CN X)
C1, C3 (cervical spinal neurons)

34
Q

The main motor nuclei involved in swallowing are ______ and _______.

A

CN XII motor nucleus and nucleus ambiguus

35
Q

The motor output for the smooth muscle of the lower esophagus is provided by __________

A

Dorsal motor nucleus

36
Q

The sensory neurons that regulate the pharyngeal and esophageal phases of swallowing in the brainstem include
______________ and _____________.

A

Nucleus tractus solitarius, reticular formation

37
Q

CN ___ sends sensory information from the oral, pharyngeal and esophageal mucosa, as well as taste sensation from the epiglottis, to the nucleus tractus solitarius and the reticular formation in the brainstem.

A

X

38
Q

What sensory input does CN V send to the brainstem?

A

General sensation of oral mucosa, anterior 2/3 of tongue

39
Q

What sensory input does CN VII send to the brainstem?

A

Taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue

40
Q

What sensory input does CN IX send to the brainstem?

A

General sensation of oropharynx and posterior 1/3 of tongue, taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue

41
Q

List the trigger regions of the pharyngeal phase.

A

Posterior faucial pillars, pharyngeal wall, base of tongue, oropharyngeal mucosa, electrical stimulation of superior laryngeal nerve

42
Q

With regards to the CPG, “generator neurons” are in the ________ and “switching neurons” are in the _______.

A

Nucleus tractus solitarius

Reticular formation

43
Q

Dorsal sensory and ventral motor signals are integrated within the swallowing CPG via the following 2 groups of interneurons:

A

Dorsal swallowing group

Ventral swallowing group

44
Q

After sensory information is sent to the nucleus tractus solitarius and reticular formation, interneurons in the ______ are activated.

A

Dorsal swallowing group

45
Q

The dorsal swallowing group sends motor signals to the _________.

A

Ventral swallowing group

46
Q

The ventral swallowing group passes sequenced, coordinated motor signals to the ____________ and _________ (as well as the motor trigeminal nucleus and facial motor nucleus).

A

Hypoglossal motor nucleus, nucleus ambiguus

Swallowing (15 decks)

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