Chapter 36 Flashcards
Hyperbilirubinemia
Characterized by yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, sclera, and various organs
Caused by an accumulation of unconjugated bilirubin and hemolyzed RBCs under the skin
Physiologic Jaundice
Occurs in about 2/3 of healthy newborns and almost all preterm infants
Arises more than 24 hours after birth
Progressive increase in unconjugated bilirubin level in cord blood
Pathologic Jaundice
Level of serum bilirubin that can result in kernicterus
Greater than 5 mg/dL in cord blood
Evident within 24 hours
Persists for more than 14 days in the life of a term infant
Acute Bilirubin Encephalopathy
Describes the acute CNS manifestations seen in the first weeks after birth
Kernicterus
Describes the chronic and permanent results of bilirubin toxicity
Management of Hyperbilirubinemia
Determine blood type of woman prenatally
Assessment for risk factors
Rh(D) immunoglobulin
Coombs’ test
Exchange transfusion
Most Common Major Congenital Anomalies
Congenital Heart Disease
Neural tube defects
Cleft lip or palate
Clubfoor
Developmental dysplasia of the hip
CNS Anomalies (Neural Tube Defects)
Encephalocoele
Anencephaly
Spina bifida
Meningocoele
Hydrocephalus
Microcephaly
Rh Incompatibility
Isoimmunization
Rh-positive offspring of an Rh-negative mother are at risk
Mother forms antibodies against the fetal blood cells
ABO Incompatibility
Fetal blood type is A, B, or AB and the maternal type is O
Naturally-occurring anti-A and anti-B antibodies are transferred across the placenta to the fetus
Exchange transfusions required
Laryngeal Web
Incomplete separation of two sides of the larynx
Choanal Atresia
Posterior nares are blocked
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Defect in the formation of the diaphragm
Gastrointestinal System Anomalies
Facial clefts
Esophageal atresia
Omphalocele
Gastroschisis
Gastrointestinal obstruction
Imperforate anus
