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EAS 100 > Chapter 2 - Energy > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Energy Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is not a type of kinetic energy?

a. stored mechanical energy
b. motion of objects
c. radiant energy
d. electrical energy
e. thermal energy

A

a. stored mechanical energy

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2
Q

Which of the following most accurately describes the earth’s energy cycle?

a. little energy is received from the sun, and instead the surface is warmed through terrestrial energy sources
b. energy is received from the sun, and all of it is absorbed, degraded and eventually reflected back to space
c. energy is received from the sun, and all of it is eventually reflected back to space
d. energy is received from the sun, some if reflected back to space, and some is absorbed, degraded and eventually reradiated back to space

A

d . energy is received from the sun, some if reflected back to space, and some is absorbed, degraded and eventually reradiated back to space

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3
Q

Which of the following potential energy sources is the source of the sun’s energy?

a. gravitational energy
b. chemical energy
c. nuclear energy
d. stored mechanical energy

A

c. nuclear energy

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4
Q

Shortwave radiation energy from the sun powers all of the following, except:

a. tides
b. waves
c. winds
d. rainfall
e. ocean currents

A

a. tides

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5
Q

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the causes of tides on earth?

a. the tides are simply caused by the moons gravity pulling in one direction
b. the tides are simply caused by the sun’s gravity pulling in one direction
c. the source of energy for the tides is the influence of gravity on the earth’s rotation
d. the source of energy for the tides is gravity itself

A

c. the source of energy for the tides is the influence of gravity on the earth’s rotation

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6
Q

Which of the following sources of energy is drawn from the earths own internal heat source?

a. nuclear energy
b. tidal energy
c. fossil fuels
d. solar energy
e. geothermal energy

A

e. geothermal energy

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7
Q

The energy stored in a compressed spring is a type of stored mechanical energy.

True or False

A

True

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8
Q

The ocean’s tides are primarily caused by changes in the Sun’s gravitational field

True or False

A

False

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9
Q

Which of the following statements about the earth’s energy cycle is true?

a. incoming solar radiation, reflected solar radiation and the terrestrial energy sources equal emitted infrared radiation
b. incoming solar radiation and emitted infrared radiation equal reflected solar radiation and terrestrial energy sources
c. incoming solar radiation and reflected solar radiation equal the terrestrial energy sources and emitted infrared radiation
d. incoming solar radiation and the terrestrial energy sources equal reflected solar radiation and emitted infrared radiation

A

d. incoming solar radiation and the terrestrial energy sources equal reflected solar radiation and emitted infrared radiation

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10
Q

Comparing the spectrum of radiation received from the sun to the spectrum emitted by the earth, which of the following statements is most true?

a. the peak wavelength emitted by the earth is higher than the peak for the sun

b/ the peak wavelength emitted by the earth is lower than the peak for the sun

c. some of the earth’s radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere, but this is not true for the sun.
d. some of the suns radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere, but this is not true for the earth.

A

a. the peak wavelength emitted by the earth is higher than the peak for the sun

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11
Q

The sun alone could supply all the energy necessary for human activities into the foreseeable future

True or False

A

True

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12
Q

The luminosity of the sun is constant

True or False

A

False

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13
Q

Before humans began to burn fossil fuels, there was no greenhouse effect in the earth’s atmosphere

True or False

A

False

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14
Q

Inside the earth, the geothermal gradient is greatest (largest change in temperature with a change in depth) in areas of:

a. radiation
b. convection
c. conduction
d. none of the choices

A

c. conduction

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15
Q

In most places on the earth, how many oceanic tides are there per day (i.e. number of high tides)?

a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4

A

b. 2

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16
Q

A proposed invention that would create an infinite amount of energy without any inputs would violate:

a. the second law of thermodynamics
b. the first law of thermodynamics
c. the third law of thermodynamics
d. the law of gravity

A

b. the first law of thermodynamics

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17
Q

The sun will run out of the hydrogen fuel to burn in about:

a. a million years
b. a thousand years
c. a billion years
d. 4-5 billion years

A

d. 4-5 billion years

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18
Q

Which layer of the sun is responsible for emitting the visible light that reaches earth?

a. chromosphere
b. corona
c. photosphere
d. core
e. convective layer

A

c. photosphere

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19
Q

When plants perform photosynthesis, new energy is created

True or False

A

False

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20
Q

The second law of thermodynamics constraints the efficiency of energy conversions by human activities

True or False

A

True

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21
Q

What is energy?

A

the capacity to do work, to move matter, to make things happen.

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22
Q

What is work?

A

the addition or subtraction to the internal energy of the system

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23
Q

What is potential energy?

A

The energy stored in a system

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24
Q

TYPES OF POTENTIAL ENERGY - Chemical Energy

A

the energy that holds the molecules and compounds of our world together; to change a molecule or compound energy must be added to do so or released as a consequence

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25
Q

TYPES OF POTENTIAL ENERGY - Nuclear Energy

A

the energy that holds atomic nuclei together and is released when a heavy atom is split, or when two light atomic nuclei are fused to make a heavier nucleus

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26
Q

TYPES OF POTENTIAL ENERGY - Stored Mechanical Energy

A

such as the energy that resides in a compressed spring or a tree sapling bent over in the wind

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27
Q

TYPES OF POTENTIAL ENERGY - Gravitational Energy

A

energy of position; the energy that resides, for example, in a ball poised at the top of a steep hill, or in water at the top of a waterfall; the energy that arises from the gravitational force between two objects, such as the moon and earth.

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28
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

energy that is expressed in the movement of electrons, atoms, molecules, materials, and objects

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29
Q

TYPES OF KINETIC ENERGY - radiant energy

A

or electromagnetic radiation, which travels in waveform photons of light, of which visible light is one example.

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30
Q

TYPES OF KINETIC ENERGY - electrical energy

A

the movement of electrons or other charged particles, of which lightning and the aurora borealis are two natural examples

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31
Q

TYPES OF KINETIC ENERGY - thermal energy

A

or heat, the vibrational movements of atoms and molecules

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32
Q

TYPES OF KINETIC ENERGY - sound energy

A

results when an object is caused to vibrate; specifically, the alternating compression and expansion of a material as energy passes through it in the form of sound

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33
Q

TYPES OF KINETIC ENERGY - motion energy

A

motion of objects, as in moving water or wind, or a rolling stone

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34
Q

Fundamental Laws of Thermodynamics

A

The transfer of energy from one form to another and one body to another is subject to a set of natural laws known as the laws of thermodynamics

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35
Q

First Law: Conservation and Transformation

A
  • conservation of energy
  • in a system of constant mass the energy involved in any physical or chemical change is neither created nor destroyed by merely changed from one form to another
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36
Q

CONCEPT IN ACTION - FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS - REVIEW

the idea outlined in the first law of thermodynamics that energy can change from one form to another is a very common occurrence in earth system processes.

example: a growing wheat plant uses sunlight to make carbohydrates, a form of stored chemical energy, via the process of photosynthesis.

when we eat the wheat, digestion transforms the chemical energy from the plant tissues into a source of energy that is used by our bodies allowing us to walk, run, breathe.

in short, the energy is transformed again into the energy of motion.

A
37
Q

Second Law: Efficiency and Entropy

A
  • energy always changes from a more useful, more concentrated form to a less useful, less concentrated form.
  • an important consequence of the second law is that energy cannot be recycled to its original state of usefulness
  • complete recycling is impossible because whenever work is done some energy is inevitably converted to heat
38
Q

what is degradation?

A

the transformation of energy into a form that is less useful, or less available for work

39
Q

what is entrophy?

A

a measure of disorganization. equilibrium. said of the state of a system that is in balance - the more ordered energy is, the more available it is to do useful work; this happens in a system when entropy is at a minimum.

  • entrophy is a measure of how much of the energy of a system has been irretrievably transformed, into a disorder, dispersed, in-usable form.
  • the universe tends toward a state of increasing entrophy
  • examples: clocks run down, dead organisms decay, ice melts and mountains crumble.
40
Q

What is gradient?

A

a gradient is like a slope, but not necessarily a topographical slope; it could be a temperature pressure, a chemical slope.

example: there is a very steep temperature gradient between a frozen chunk of ice and the surrounding warm air of the room. The steepness of gradients is crucial and has an impact on the amount of work and the vigor of that work that can be extracted from the system.

41
Q

Third Law: Absolute zero

A

postulated the existence of the state of absolute zero temperature

42
Q

what is temperature?

A

a measure of heat, the vibrational movement of particles.

in relation to absolute zero: in a state of absolute zero temperature, all of the microscopic molecular motion on which we based our definition of heat would cease.

43
Q

what is kelvin temperature scale?

A

an absolute temperature scale because it is defined on the basis of a fundamental thermodynamic constant, the point at which entrophy is equal to zero.

in relation to absolute zero: absolute zero provides the foundation point for the kelvin temperature scale.

44
Q

Other temperature scales - Review

  • celsius and fahrenheit scales are relative scales because they use an arbitrarily chosen reference point to define their zero.
  • while the kevlin and celsius scales have the same incremental scale, their state of 0 degrees is different.
  • kevlin uses absolute 0 or zero entrophy
  • celsius used the freezing point of water
A
45
Q

What is the main external energy source coming into earth?

A

the sun

46
Q

What is the sun?

A

the sun is a star - an enormous ball of ionized gas, or plasma that radiates heat as a result of thermonuclear reactions in its core.

  • the term nuclear indicates the involvement of atomic nuclei, the dense, positively charged cores of atoms.
47
Q

What is fusion (of nuclei)?

A

the merging of the nuclei of lightweight chemical elements, particularly hydrogen, to form heavier elements such as helium and carbon.

  • fusion only happens at exceedingly high temperatures
48
Q

What is luminosity?

A

the amount of energy (or light) radiated into space per unit of time

  • 4.5 x 10^6 metric tons of hydrogen are converted to helium every second, this explains luminosity being so enormous.
  • the sun will eventually run out of hydrogen fuel, but it will take 4.5 billion years.
49
Q

How does the earth get energy from the sun?

A
  • the energy released by the fusion reactions in the sun is in the form of gamma rays, which are extremely short, high energy electromagnetic waves.
  • gamma rays are responsible for the energy that reaches earth
  • radiation is the process in which energy in the electromagnetic spectrum is transferred from a radiating or emitting body through a surrounding liquid, gas, or vacuum. radiation is how thermal energy reaches earth from the sun.
50
Q

What does the sun consist of?

A

The sun consists of 6 concentric layers

  • the corona and chromosphere can only be clearly seen during a solar eclipse when the moon blocks the light coming from the photosphere
  • there are 4 inner regions that make up the sphere we see and 2 gaseous outer layers that we cannot see
  1. core - the site of all the nuclear fusion reactions
  2. radiative layer - also very hot but not hot enough for fusion to occur
  3. convective layer - across this layer energy moves
  4. photosphere - the visible layer of the sun, an intensely turbulent zone that emits the light and reaches earth.
  5. chromosphere - a low-density layer of very hot has
  6. corona - a zone of even lower density gas
51
Q

What is conduction?

A

the process by which heat moves directly from one object to an adjacent object to which it is in contact

52
Q

What is convection?

A

a mechanism of heat transfer in which heat content is physically carried from one location to another

53
Q

What is radiation?

A

the process in which energy in the electromagnetic spectrum is transferred from a radiating or emitting body through a surrounding gas, liquid, or vacuum

54
Q

CONCEPT IN ACTION - CONVECTION, CONDUCTION, RADIATION - REVIEW

  • heat is transferred from the hot stove element directly to the bottom of the pot via conduction
  • as the water inside the pot warms, it rises; heat is thus transferred from the bottom of the pot to the top by convection.
  • at the top surface, the warm water loses heat to the overlying air via conduction
  • the warmed air over the pot then rises, transferring heat upward into the atmosphere via convection
  • warmth lost from all parts of the pot to the surrounding atmosphere also will travel through the air through the process of radiation
A
55
Q

… more on conduction, convection, and radiation

  • conduction is an important process for heat to transfer in the earth system. Particularly for heat to transfer from the interior of the earth through the lithosphere to the surface.
  • conduction works best with materials that have high thermal conductivity such as metals
  • conduction that causes heat to transfer from the earth’s core, though its mantle, to the base of the lithosphere, is the driving force behind plate tectonics
  • another example of convection is the upwards circular motion fo air which is the basis for most of earth’s weather formation processes
A
56
Q

What absorbs most of the harmful radiation that makes it way to earth?

A

the stratosphere

57
Q

What is another way that energy comes into earth’s systems?

A

the influence of gravity on earth’s rotation

58
Q

Internal Energy Sources - Review

In addition to the energy from the sun and tidal forces, there are sources of energy into the earth system that come from within the planet itself.

A
59
Q

What is geothermal gradient?

A

the increase in temperature as you go deeper towards the earths core

60
Q

Internal Energy Sources - Review

  • The second law of thermodynamics always flows down gradient from a warmer place to a cooler one; we deduce that heat energy must be flowing outward from the hot interior of the earth outwards.
  • It is calculated that the earth’s core is 5000 degrees celsius, almost as hot as the surface of the sun.
  • heat energy that flows out through the solid rocks of earths outer most layer does so by conduction
  • volcanoes obviously involve the movement of hot material from inside the planet to the surface. therefore we conclude that at least some heat energy reaches earth’s surface by convection
  • the outermost 100 km (lithosphere) is a cold, brittle, layer of rock that overlies the much hotter, more malleable rocks of the interior.
  • heat reaches the bottom of the lithosphere primarily by convection, and it passes through the lithosphere primarily by conduction
A
61
Q

Sources of terrestrial energy - Review

We know the earth is nowhere near massive or dense enough to undergo nuclear reactions like the sun - it turns out that a number of processes and sources contribute to earths internal energy.

radiogenic heat

  • main source of terrestrial energy
  • produced by the spontaneous breakdown or decay of radioactive elements such as uranium and thorium

accretionary heat

  • internal heat leftover from the origins of earth and other planets of our solar system

tidal heat

  • gravitational interactions of earth with the moon and sun cause body tides. internal friction from the constant distortion of the planet is translated into heat energy

core formation

  • earths core formed as a result of the segregation of dense material (mainly iron) during a period when the planet was partially molten
A
62
Q

Does earth lose energy?

A

earth loses energy from the energy cycle in two main ways

  1. reflection
  2. degradation and reradiation
63
Q

How much solar energy does the earth lose?

A

about 40% of the incoming solar radiation is simply reflected, unchanged back into space, by the top of the atmosphere, the clouds, ocean surfaces, continents, and ice and snow.

64
Q

what is the greenhouse effect?

A

the property of the earths atmosphere by which long wavelength heat rays from the earth surface are trapped or reflected back by the earths atmosphere

65
Q

Energy & Society - Review

geothermal Energy

  • drawn from earths own heat sources
  • theoritical limitless source of enery
  • very high temp at shallow depth is required to be technologically useful

tidal energy

  • drawn from the kinetic energy associated with oceanic tides
  • needs high tides

hydroelectric power

  • also recovered from the potential energy of water
  • stream water as it flows to the sea
  • not possible to supply world needs

nuclear energy

  • heat energy produced during controlled splitting, or fission of radioactive isotopes
A
66
Q

Consider a lake in the sunlight. Which heat transfer process would govern the temperature of the water just below the surface of the lake?

a. all of the above (below)
b. convection
c. conduction
d. radiation
e. none of the above

A

a. all of the above (below)

67
Q

The speed of short-wavelength radiation is faster than the speed of long-wavelength radiation

True or False

A

False

68
Q

If the frequency of radiation decreases by a factor of 2, the wavelength:

a. increases by a factor of 2
b. increases by a factor of 4
c. decreases by a factor of 2
d. decreases by a factor of 4
e. stays the same

A

a. increases by a factor of 2

69
Q

If there are active volcanoes in an area, which source of alternative energy is likely to be useful?

a. wind
b. Solar
c. geothermal
d. tidal

A

c. geothermal

70
Q

If there is a high demand for alcohol-based fuels, it is likely that the prices of food containing corn products will rise.

True or False

A

True

71
Q

Which of the following is a NOT drawback of solar panels?

a. The cost is high.
b. The ultimate source of energy is not renewable.
c. The efficiency is low.
d. They only produce power under certain conditions.

A

b. The ultimate source of energy is not renewable.

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EAS 100 (10 decks)

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