Children's Orthopaedics - Normal Growth and Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is appositional growth of bone?

A

This is outward growth of bone causing increases in bone thickness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which factors can affect bone growth?

A
  • Vitamins D and A
  • Diet
  • Injury
  • Illness
  • Hormones (e.g. GH)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the medical term for bow-leggedness?

A

Genu varum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

At what age is genu varum considered normal?

A

< 2 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When would genu varum be condiered abnormal?

A
  • > 16º from mean
  • The patient has short stature
  • It is painful
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What can cause genu varum?

A
  • Skeletal dysplasia
  • Rickets
  • Tumour
  • Blount’s disease
  • Trauma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Blount’s disease?

A

There is growth arrest of the proximal medial tibial physis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the characteristic sign of Blount’s disease on X-ray?

A

Beak-like protrusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What can cause genu valgum?

A
  • Tumours
  • Rickets
  • Neurofibromatosis
  • Idiopathic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

When is genu valgum considered normal?

A

The incidence peaks at age 3.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When would you refer a patient with genu valgum?

A
  • It is asymmetrical
  • It is painful
  • It is severely abnormal (>2SD)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Intoeing can be related to what 3 things?

A
  1. Femoral neck anteversion
  2. Internal tibial torsion
  3. Metatarsus adductus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In femoral neck anteversion, where does the femoral neck point?

A

Anteriorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Does femoral neck anteversion have consequence normally?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What can femoral neck anteversion predispose to?

A

Patellofemoral problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Internal tibial torsion normally occurs in which age group of patients?

A

Toddlers

17
Q

When do most cases of internal tibial torsion resolve by?

A

6 years

18
Q

What is the treatment for internal tibial torsion?

A

Surgery

Only when very severe

(braces and orthotics are useless)

19
Q

Describe metatarsus adductus?

A

The metatarsals are adducted

This is a benign, common and self-limiting condition

20
Q

Metatarsal adductus can be treated by what if necessary?

A

Serial casting

21
Q

Flat feet are common.

True or false?

A

True

22
Q

Why do flat feet normally not remain in adulthood?

A

There is usually medial arch development as the posterior tibialis strengthens

23
Q

What are the two types of flat footedness?

A
  1. Flexible
  2. Fixed
24
Q

How can you tell the differnece between flexible and fixed flat footedness?

A

Flexible flat footedness returns to normal on tip toes

25
Q

What may be the causes of flexible flat footedness?

A
  1. Ligamentous laxity
  2. Tightness of the gastrosoleus complex
26
Q

What may be the cause of fixed flat footedness and what is the potential treatment?

A

Tarsal coalition (bone fusion)

Surgery (when painful)

27
Q

Which toes does curly toes normally affect?

A

3rd or 4th

28
Q

How may curly toes be treated of they are severe or do not resolve by 6 years?

A

Flexor tendonotomy

29
Q

Anterior knee pain is common in which age groups?

A

Adolescents

30
Q

People with anterior knee pain may be predisposed to what?

A

Arthritis posterior to the patella

31
Q

What must be check in anterior knee pain cases?

A

The hips

(issues here can be the cause)

32
Q

What is the treatment for anterior knee pain?

A

Usually physiotherapy

33
Q

When is anterior knee pain exacerbated?

A

Stairs and squats