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Anatomy > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Why is it beneficial to have glucose enter the body in a different form?

A

Better able to regulate blood glucose levels, not as sharp a spike in glucose

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2
Q

Sucrose

A

Fructose and glucose

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3
Q

Lactose

A

Glucose and galactose

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4
Q

Maltose

A

Glucose and glucose

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5
Q

Examples of polysaccharides

A

Starch, cellulose, glycogen

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6
Q

Glycolipids

A

External surface of cell membrane

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7
Q

Glycoproteins

A

External surface of cell membrane and mucus of respiratory and digestive tracts

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8
Q

Proteoglycans

A

Cell adhesion, gelatinous filler of tissue and lubricates joints

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9
Q

How does aspirin work?

A

Blocks thrombosis II which is a prostaglandin.

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10
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Function in inflammation, blood clotting, hormone action, labor contractions, control of blood vessels

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11
Q

Dipeptide synthesis

A

Dehydration reaction

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12
Q

Primary structure

A

Covalent peptide bonds

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13
Q

Secondary structure

A

Hydrogen bonding`

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14
Q

Tertiary

A

Hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges, hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions

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15
Q

Galactosemia

A

Baby lacks enzyme that breaks galactose into glucose causing galactose to accumulate in the blood.

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16
Q

Why don’t we use proteins for energy?

A

Body can’t distinguish ingested proteins from proteins naturally in body and therefore would deplete the proteins in our muscles including our heart

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17
Q

Squamous

A

Good at diffusion

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18
Q

Discoid

A

Good at diffusion

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19
Q

Cuboidal

A

Secretion or absorption

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20
Q

Columnar

A

Secretion or absorption; better than cuboidal because they have microvilli to increase surface area to volume ratio

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21
Q

Why do babies have a higher metabolic rate?

A

Much larger surface area to volume ratio so they dissipate heat quicker than adults and therefore need to increase metabolic rate to compensate

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22
Q

Hepatocytes

A

Detoxification and lipid synthesis

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23
Q

Neurons

A

Send signals via neurotransmitters

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24
Q

How does cholesterol integrate into the cell membrane?

A

Binds fatty acid tails together to make membrane more rigid and forms hydrogen bonds with neighboring phospholipid heads

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25
Q

More or less cholesterol at high temperature?

A

More

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26
Q

why can small non-polar molecules cross the cell membrane?

A

Phosphate heads are tinier than fatty acid tails and can fit through the spaces left to get to the hydrophobic portion

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27
Q

Structure and function of glycocalyx?

A

Integral glycoproteins have sugar portion facing the extracellular fluid. Protects cell from being digested, creates a stickiness to hold it to other cells or create a slippery surface

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28
Q

Gradients in the ell

A

More sodium outside than inside, more potassium inside than out.
More oxygen outside of cell, more carbon dioxide inside a cell

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29
Q

Diffusion

A

Random mixing of particles in a solution as a result of the particles kinetic energy

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30
Q

What type of diffusion is glucose transport and how does it work?

A

Facilitated diffusion. Glucose binds to the transporter protein changing it’s shape and allows glucose to flow down its concentration gradient. Once inside the cell glucose is transformed by a kinase into glucose-6-phosphate so that the gradient is maintained

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31
Q

What is the mechanism of action for digitalis?

A

Inhibits the sodium/potassium pump —> increase in intracellular Na+ —> decrease in Na/Ca antiporter activity —> increase intracellular Ca —> HR decreases and contractile force increases

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32
Q

Isotonic

A

Water concentration same inside and outside; no net movement

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33
Q

Hypotonic

A

More water outside the cell than inside, water flows in causing hemolysis

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34
Q

Hypertonic

A

More water inside cell, water flows out causing crenation

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35
Q

What is the function of the rough ER?

A

Synthesize proteins that are going to exported out of the cell

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36
Q

What is the function of the smooth ER?

A

Lipid production and detoxification

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37
Q

What is the function of the golgi?

A

Process and package materials for export; post-translation modifications and exocytosis

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38
Q

What happens when you are without oxygen for 4 minute?

A

Body can’t produce enough ATP to hold lysosomes in place and they open and lyse everything

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39
Q

Mechanism of Tay-Sachs disorder

A

Missing a single lysosomal enzyme causing an accumulation of glycolipids in nerve cells leading to their loss of function

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40
Q

Mechanism of cystic fibrosis (2)?

A

Chloride ion pump not secreted from the golgi properly or the rough ER does not do correct post translational modifications causing an imbalance in fluid and ion transport

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41
Q

FUnction of peroxisomes

A

Oxidizes toxic substances;
Alcohol —> acetaldehyde
Methanol —> formaldehyde

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42
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

Producer ATP

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43
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase number of cell divisions

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44
Q

Epithelial

A

Lines hollow organs, cavities and ducts; has a free surface

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45
Q

Connective tissue

A

Majority of tissue is non-living matrix, the cells are only a small portion; supports and binds structures together

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46
Q

Muscular tissue

A

Cells shorten in length to produce movement

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47
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Conduct electrical signals; high metabolic rate and long life

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48
Q

Main differences between different tissue types

A

Function, matrix composition, and amount of space occupied by cell versus matrix

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49
Q

Endoderm

A

Mucus lining GI and respiratory tract and digestive glands

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50
Q

Ectoderm

A

Epidermis and nervous system

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51
Q

Mesoderm

A

Mesenchyme that gives rise to muscle, bone, blood and other connective tissue

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52
Q

General features of epithelial tissue

A

Highly cellular, cells sit on basement membrane, apical free surface, avascular

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53
Q

Simple squamous and where they are found

A

Thin flat cells in a single layer; lining of blood vessels, body cavities, capillaries, alveoli of lungs

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54
Q

Stratified squamous and locations

A

Several layers thick; either in skin (keratinized) or mouth/vagina (non keratinized)

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55
Q

Simple cuboidal cells and location

A

Single layer of cube-shaped cells; kidney tubules and glandular regions

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56
Q

Stratified cuboidal and locations

A

Rare - found near sweat gland ducts and male urethra

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57
Q

Nonciliated simple columnar and location

A

Single layer rectangular cells; GI tract

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58
Q

Ciliated simple columnar and location

A

Single layer rectangular cells with cilia; Fallopian tubes only anywhere else is a transition tissue

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59
Q

Stratified columnar and location

A

Multilayered; only found in transition states except in male urethra or large ducts

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60
Q

Pseudostratified columnar

A

Single cell layer, all cells attached to basement membrane; some just don’t make it to apical surface. Respiratory system, male urethra and epididymis

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61
Q

Transitional epithelium and location

A

Bladder and ureters; hollow organs that expand from within

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62
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Produce fibers and ground substance

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63
Q

macrophages

A

Phagocytize foreign materials and activate immune system

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64
Q

Neutrophils

A

Wander in search of bacteria

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65
Q

Plasma cells

A

Synthesize antibodies

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66
Q

Mast cells

A

Release heparin, histamine and serotonin

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67
Q

Adipocytes

A

Store triglycerides

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68
Q

Function of heparin

A

Inhibits clotting

69
Q

Function of histamine

A

Dilates blood vessels; acts immediately causing blood pressure and velocity decrease. Capillary permeability increases

70
Q

Function of serotonin

A

A vasodilator that acts slower than histamine; aids to push fluid out into lymphatic system and whatever else is in the blood

71
Q

Collagen

A

Tough fibers found in tendons, ligaments and dermis

72
Q

Reticular fibers

A

Thin collagen fibers coated with glycoproteins that form framework for certain organs

73
Q

Elastic fibers

A

Thin branching fibers made of elastin that stretch and recoil (skin,arteries and lungs)

74
Q

Mechanism of Marfan syndrome

A

Abnormal development of elastin fibers; life threatening weakening of aorta

75
Q

Glycosaminoglycans

A

Chondroitin sulfate; regulate water and electrolyte balance

76
Q

Proteoglycans

A

Embedded in plasma membrane creating strong bonds; hyaluronic acid

77
Q

Adhesive glyocproteins

A

Protein-carbohydrate complexes that bind plasma membrane to collagen or proteoglycans OUTSIDE the cell

78
Q

Types of loose connective tissue

A

Areolar tissue, reticular tissue and adipose tissue

79
Q

Brown fat and its activation

A

Mainly found in infants and has more blood vessels and mitochondria because it is responsible for heat generation; disrupts electron transport chain to raise body temperature quickly

80
Q

Dense connective tissue types

A

Dense regular and dense irregular

81
Q

Hyaline cartilage function

A

support airway and eases joint movements; has high compression strength, relatively low tension strength and very low torsion strength

82
Q

Elastic cartilage in body

A

External ear and epiglottis; flexible and elastic support

83
Q

Fibrocartilage in body

A

Resists compression and absorbs shock in some joints; pubic symphysis, meniscus and intervertebral discs

84
Q

Interstitial growth

A

Chondrocytes divide and form new matrix; occurs in childhood

85
Q

Appositional growth

A

Chondroblasts sercrete matrix onto surface

86
Q

Structure of compact bone

A

Osteon - lamellae of mineralized matrix; osteocytes reside in lacunae in between lamellae; caniculi connect cell to cell

87
Q

Organic matrix of compact bone

A

Collagen; runs oblique to longitudinal axis of the bone and each concentric layer alternates

88
Q

Inorganic matrix of compact bone

A

Hydroxyapatite

89
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus

A

Chronic inflammation of connective tissue; life-threatening if inflammation occurs in major organs

90
Q

Skeletal muscle features

A

Striated; voluntary; multi-nucleated; need action potential for contraction

91
Q

Cardiac muscle features

A

Branched cylinder cells with one nucleus, involuntary, striated, attached by desmosomes and communicate via intercalated discs; contracts independent of outside

92
Q

Smooth muscle features

A

Mono-uncleared, involuntary and nonstriated

93
Q

Tight junctions

A

Watertight seal between cells; common between cells in GI and bladder

94
Q

Adherens junction

A

Holds epithelial cells together; found in low stress places

95
Q

Desmosomes

A

Found in places with lots of stress, such as cardiac muscle and skin. Intracellular intermediate filaments cross cytoplasm of cell

96
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A

Connects cell to extracellular materials

97
Q

Gap junctions

A

Space between plasma membrane of 2 cells for communication; heart and smooth muscle of gut

98
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Hormones are secreted directly into bloodstream

99
Q

Exocrine

A

Simple cuboidal — secrete products into duct

100
Q

Simple glands

A

Sweat glands, unbranched

101
Q

Compound glands

A

Have a branched duct

102
Q

Acinar duct

A

Type of compound duct in which secretory cells for dilated sac instead of tube

103
Q

Tubolacinar duct

A

Type of compound duct that secretes cells in both tube and sac

104
Q

Which organs have both endocrine and exocrine function?

A

Liver, pancreas and gonads

105
Q

Serous glands

A

Produce thin, watery secretions; sweat, milk, tears and digestive juices

106
Q

Mucous glands

A

Produces mucin (a glycoproteins) that absorbs water to form mucus

107
Q

Mixed glands

A

Both serous and mucous cells

108
Q

Cytogenetic glands

A

Release whole cells (sperm and egg)

109
Q

Merocrine/ecrine

A

Most common glands; cells release their products via exocytosis

110
Q

Apocrine glands

A

Are really merocrine glands but have a confusing appearance; smelly sweat and milk

111
Q

Holocrine glands

A

Oil gland - lipid based; whole cell die and rupture to release their products

112
Q

Mucous membranes

A

Epithelium, lamina propria and muscularis mucosae

113
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

External body surface, keratinized squamous epithelium resting on layer of connective tissue; protective function

114
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Lines joints; secretes synovial fluid rich in hyaluronic acid

115
Q

Serous membrane

A

Internal membrane made of simple squamous epithelium and areolar tissue that covers organs and walls of body cavities and produces serous fluid

116
Q

Differentiation

A

Normal unspecialized tissue of embryo to specialized mature types

117
Q

Metaplasia

A

Changing between mature tissue types

118
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Enlargement of pre-existing cellsa

119
Q

Neoplasia

A

Growth of a tumor through growth of abnormal tissue

120
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death in which cells shrink and are phagocytosis

121
Q

Atrophy

A

Shrinkage from los of cell size/number

122
Q

Necrosis

A

Pathological death of tissue

123
Q

Regeneration

A

Replacement of tissue with original cell types

124
Q

Which cell types can’t divide?/

A

Muscle and nervous tissue

125
Q

Fibrosis

A

Replacing normal cell type with scar tissue (collagen)

126
Q

Epidermis

A

Epithelial tissue only

127
Q

Dermis

A

Layer of connective tissue, nerve and muscle

128
Q

Subcutaneous (hypodermis)

A

Layer of adipose and areolar tissue; not a part of integumentary

129
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Produce precursor of keratin

130
Q

Merkel cell

A

Found in stratum basalt on top of tactile disc

131
Q

Melanocytes

A

Produces melanin

132
Q

Melanin function

A

Protected from UV radiation and found in stratum basale because that’s where mitosis happens

133
Q

Langerhans cells

A

Dendritic cell of epidermis; antigen presenting cell

134
Q

Stratum basale

A

Deepest layer; cells attached to each other and basement membrane via desmosomes and hemidesmosomes

135
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

8-10 layers held together by desmosomes; melanin

136
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

3-5 layers of flat dying cells; product lamellar granules

137
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

Only found in thick skin; 3-5 layers of clear, flat and dead cells containing precursor of keratin

138
Q

Stratum cornermen

A

25-30 layers of dead cells filled with keratin surrounded by lipids

139
Q

Dermis

A

Connective tissue layer composed of collagen and elastic fibers, fibroblast, macrophage and fat cells

140
Q

Reticular layer

A

Dense irregular connective tissue; strength, extensibility and elasticity

141
Q

Papillary layer

A

Top 20%, capillaries and meissner’s corpuscles and free nerve endings

142
Q

Hypodermis

A

More adipose; energy reservoir and thermal insulation

143
Q

Hemoglobin and pigmentation

A

Visible through dermal collagen fibers giving red tint to skin

144
Q

Carotene in pigmentation

A

Concentrated in stratum corneum and subQ fat; comes from vitamin A

145
Q

Cyanosis

A

Blueness due to lack of oxygen in blood

146
Q

Erythema

A

Redness due to dilated cutaneous vessels

147
Q

Jaundice

A

Yellowing of skin and sclera due to bilirubin buildup

148
Q

Bronzing

A

Golden-brown color of Addison’s disease (deficiency of glucocorticoid hormone so not enough cortisol)

149
Q

Pallor

A

Pale color from lack of blood flow

150
Q

Albinism

A

Genetic lack of melanin

151
Q

Hematoma

A

Bruise, broken vessels under skin

152
Q

Timing of bruise colors

A

Purple —> green —> yellow

153
Q

Hemangioma

A

Benign tumors of dermal blood capillaries

154
Q

Freckles and moles

A

Aggregation of melanocytes

155
Q

Friction ridges

A

Finger prints

156
Q

Vitiligo

A

Autoimmune loss of melanocytes in areas of the skin producing white patches

157
Q

Shaft of hair

A

Visible portion of the hair

158
Q

Root of hair

A

Portion below surface

159
Q

Arrector pili

A

Goosebumps; smooth muscle that makes our hair stand up on end with cold or fear

160
Q

Hair root plexus

A

Detects hair movement

161
Q

Terminal hair

A

Coarse, long, pigmented hair of scalp

162
Q

Vellus hair

A

Fine, unpigmented hair of children and women

163
Q

Lanugo hair

A

Fine, unpigmented fetal hair

164
Q

Eumelanin

A

Brown and black hair

165
Q

Pheomelanin

A

Blonde hair, sulfur-containing

166
Q

Trichosiderin

A

Iron containing pigment in red hair

167
Q

Gray hair

A

Mixture of white and pigmented hairs

168
Q

White air

A

Air in medulla rather than matrix and lack of pigment in cortex

Anatomy (7 decks)

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