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Social Behavior > Aggression > Flashcards

Aggression Flashcards

1
Q

What is aggression?

A

Intent to harm, injure another living being
who is motivated to avoid such treatment.

  • hurt, destroy somebody or yourself
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2
Q

What are the types of aggression

A
  1. Direct aggression (e.g. hitting)
    - Out-group hostile
  2. Indirect Aggression
    -intention but no direct consequence
    (e.g. refusing to help in an emergency - showing kind of aggression)
    -In-group Favoritism
  3. Hostile aggression (e.g. bloddy nose =physical harm)
  4. instrumental aggression ( passive aggression; superordinate goal, manipulation threat)
  5. Proactive aggression
    (e.g before you hit us, we will hit you)
  6. Reactive aggression
    -reaction respond
    -self-defend
    -legitimate
    (Hostile +Instrumental)
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3
Q

Classes of Explanations for aggression

A
  1. Biological
  2. Evolutionary
  3. Social Explanation
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4
Q

Biological Explanation of aggression

A
  • nature-nurture controversy

- innate action tendency

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5
Q

aggression as an instinct

A
  • pattern of response that is predetermined genetically

- driven by impulse

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6
Q

Characteristics of an instinct

A
  1. Goal-directed = has a specific consequence (e.g. attack)
  2. beneficial= for the individual and the whole species
  3. adapted= to a normal environment
  4. shared = by all members of the species
  5. Developed= clear way as the individual matures
  6. unlearned= made out of personal experience
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7
Q

nature-nurture controversy

A

discussion if some behavior is learned by environmental factors or genetically predetermined

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8
Q

Psychodynamic self theory

A 
- Freud 
aggression builds up naturally through bodily tension
- self-destruction 
- redirection to someone else 
- need for release = one factor theory 
- innate death instinct (Thanatos)
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9
Q

Ethnology

A

study of instincts of a species in its natural social environment
(how people act in their natural environment)

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10
Q

What is Ethnology about?

A
  • behavior is genetically determined
  • control through natural selection
  • aggression triggered by environmental factor = releaser
  • survival value
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11
Q

releasers

A

specific stimuli in the environment that triggers aggressive behavior

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12
Q

Two factor- conditional theory

A
  1. innate urge to aggress

2. response depends on environmental stimulus (releasers )

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13
Q

Evolutionary social psychology

A

complex social behavior = adaptive + function to help individuals, kin and the whole species to survive

-innate basis of aggression
= all social behavior has an biological basis

-Darwinian theory: “survival of the fittest” transferring genes

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14
Q

Biosocial explanation

A

emphasis on innate component of behavior but not a fully instinct that influences the behavior

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15
Q

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

A

all frustration leads to aggression

all aggression comes from frustration

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16
Q

Problem with Frustration aggression hypothesis

A
  1. what is really frustration

2. what kind of frustration does really lead to aggression

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17
Q

Excitation-transfer model

A
  • mostly that you transfer any produced emotional arousal (i.e. aggression) by an experience to another situation (gym - parking space)

Function of aggression expression =

  1. learnt aggressive behavior
  2. arousal from another source
  3. interpretation of the arousal state (appropriate)
  4. arousal can transfer from a previous situation to another that can trigger aggression (if you tend to be more aggressive) +
  • lossing control over the arousal
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18
Q

Social learning theory (Bandura)

A

human social behavior can be learned from appropriate models

  • not innate
  • learning form direct experience
  • learning from vicarious experience
  • learning by modeling
19
Q

Process of social learning

A
  1. Acquiring behavior patterns
  2. practicing the behavior in public
  3. keeping the behavior in long term
20
Q

learning by direct experience

A

reward and punishment for a specific behavior

-learning through socialization

  • reward =higher likelihood that you will do the behavior again
  • modelling and imitation
21
Q

Learning by modeling

A
  • you act and behave like your role model = observational learning
  • aggressive models = leads to imitation of behavior
  • learning a script (cognitive schema)
  • result: internalizing aggressive behavior
22
Q

Is it possible to modify or remove behavior ?

A

yes if it is an learned behavior

23
Q

Individual differences for aggression

A
  1. Personality
  2. Hormones
  3. Gender
  4. Catharsis
  5. Alcohol
  6. Disinhibition
  7. Deindividuation
  8. dehumanisation
24
Q

Personality factors

A

age, gender,

  • self-esteem
  • frustration tolerance

situational context

  • previous experience with others aggressive behavior
  • success of own aggressive behavior in the past
  • likelihood of reward and punishment
25
Q

Type A- personality

Coronary-prone personality

A

characterized by the heart disease

  • over-activeness
  • ambition to achieve things
  • excessively competitiveness
  • preference to work alone
26
Q

Catharsis

A

release of aggressive emotion when you act against an object
replacement of the aggression to an object

27
Q

Catharsis hypothesis

A

acting aggressively or only view aggressive material = reduction of aggressive emotion

28
Q

Characteristics of narcissistic people

A
  • inflated self-esteem
  • feel that they are more entitled to things
  • prone to aggression
29
Q

Disinhibition hypothesis

A

that learnt control mechanisms against acting antisocially, impulsively are weakened

e. g. alcohol impairs cortical control
- increase in more primitive brain areas

30
Q

Deindividuation

A

losing sense of having a socialized individual identity

- more unsocialized, antisocial behavior

31
Q

Collective aggression

A

group acts together against an individual or another group

32
Q

Problem with catharsis

A
  • if you place your aggression on to another object you are more likely to act more aggressively afterwards
33
Q

General Aggression model

A

combination of situational and personal factors + cognitive and affective processes for explaining aggression

-activation of internal states (affect, cognitive, arousal)

34
Q

What are Sociotal Influence/Factors?

A
  1. disadvantaged groups
    - relative deprivation
    - fraternalistic deprivation
  2. Cultural norms
    - culture of honor
35
Q

Culture of honor

A

culture that allows men to use violent behavior when they feel that they are threatened in their status or ego

36
Q

What is the role of the media related to aggression ?

A

Desensitization
- social learning theory connected to children’s habits

  • promotion of violence and aggression through reading or simple exposure to aggressive content
  • automatic reaction process
37
Q

Desensitization

A

you are less likely to respond to a presented material/scene that would usually provoke strong emotional feelings against it like violence or sexuality

38
Q

neo-associationist- analysis

A

provided violent material by mass media my provoke/promote antisocial behavior later on

39
Q

Priming

A

when you activate existing/accessible categories or schemas in your memory - influences how we behave when you get new information

  • mostly automatic process
  • arise of similar feelings linked to aggressive emotions
40
Q

Institutionalized aggression

A

if the aggression is formally/informally accepted and recognized by the the government

  • integrated into the social structure (rules/norms)
  • Authoritarianism
41
Q

Agentic State

A

state of mind that when you follow any given instructions without questioning them

transfer personal responsibility to the person who gives the orders

-distance yourself from responsibility

42
Q

What promotes collective group based aggression ?

A

= consequence of societal uncertainty

-uncertainty about one’s identity as a group member –> leads to extreme violent protection behavior in favor of the the in-group

43
Q

What can you do to reduce aggression?

A
  • not rewarding violent acts
  • avoiding physical punishment

interpersonal level:
- increasing optimism = behavior modification( skills training

  • Peace studies
  • educational promotion of non- violent behavior

Social Behavior (5 decks)

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