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Cardio-resp > Repro > Flashcards

Repro Flashcards

1
Q

What is the embryonic origin of the urogenital ridge

A

intermediate mesoderm region

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2
Q

What does urogenital ridge give rise to?

A

Embryonic kidney

Gonad

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3
Q

What drives the male gonad development?

A 
SRY gene 
on short (p) arm of Y chromosome
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4
Q

What happens to the gonad under the Y chromosome influence?

A

Primodal germ cells colonise the medulla

-> testis and thick tunica albuginea develop

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5
Q

What happens to the gonad without the Y chromosome influence

A

Primodal germ cells colonise the cortex

-> medullary cords degenerate and ovaries develop

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6
Q

What makes up the mesonephric/Wolffian duct ?

A

Urogenital sinus and anus divided by uroqrectal septum

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7
Q

What happens to the mesonephric/wolffian ducts under the influence of testosterone?

A

mesonephric duct sprouts ureteric buds
they make separate openings
->prostate and prostatic urethra forms

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8
Q

What happens to the mesonephric/ wolffian ducts without the influence of testosterone?

A

mesonephric duct sprouts ureteric buds

ureteric bud expands and mesonephtic duct regresses

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9
Q

Embryonic origin of the uterus and cervix?

A

Paramesonephric duct

AKA Mullerian duct

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10
Q

What prevents the uterus from forming in males?

A

Mullerian Inhibiting Substance

secreted by sertoli cells

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11
Q

What influences the development of the external genitalia?

A

Dihydrotestosterone -> male

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12
Q

What attaches the testis to the inguinal region?

A

gubernaculum

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13
Q

What prevents the ovary descend past the pelvic brim

A

paramesonephric ducts

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14
Q

Male gametes formation

A

Mitosis:
spermatogonia (before birth) -> raw material
-> A1 spermatogonia
-> primary spermatocytes (linked by cytoplasm)
Meiosis:
spermatogenesis -> spermatids (remodelled to..)
-> spermatozoa

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15
Q

Semen contains secretions of (4):

A

seminal vesicle (60% of vol)
prostate (20%)
bulbs-urethral glands
+ sperm

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16
Q

Female gametes formation

A

Oognia (primordiale germ cells in gonadal cortex) mitosis by mid-gestation.

  • > primary oocyte (meiosis arrested at prophase 1)
  • > primordial follicle (oocyte surrounded by granulose cells layer)
  • > ovum
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17
Q

Ovum production

A

small number of primordial follicles begin to develop further at the beginning of the cycle -> 1/2 complete the the development

  • > pre-antral ovum (indeed. of hormones)
  • > antral ovum (LH and FSH cause…)
  • > pre-ovulatory follicle
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18
Q

Pre-ovulatory follicle structure

A

theca (externa and int)
granulose cells
Antrum
primary oocyte

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19
Q

Origin of anterior pituitary

A

ratheke’s pouch

endocrine gland

20
Q

Control of reproduction: the axis

A

hypothalamus -> GnRH
ant. pit. -> FSH and LH
Gonads

21
Q

What has -ve feedback on GnRH?

A

testosterone

oestrogen (moderate levels)

22
Q

What has +ve feedback on GnRH?

A

high levels of oestrogen

23
Q

What effect does progesterone has on GnRH production?

A

Progesterone reduces the effects of oestrogen
-> GnRH can’t be +vely stimulated
-> no LH surge
also reduced frequency go GnRH pulses

24
Q

What has -ve feedback on LH and FSH secretion?

A

testosterone

moderate oestrogen levels

25
Q

What has +ve feedback on LH and FSH secretion?

A

high oestrogen levels

26
Q

Role of inhibit in control of reproduction

A

selective FSH inhibition
-> LH, FSH proportions altered
inhibit levels increase as the rate of development increases

27
Q

Male control of reproduction is under what feedback?

A

-ve

28
Q

FSH effects in males

A 
Sertoli cells (nursing cells)
-> inhibin
29
Q

LH effects in males

A

Leydig cells (endocrine cells)

  • > testosterone
  • > spermatogenesis stimulation
30
Q

FSH effects in females

A 
Granulosa cells (surrounding cells)
-> stimulated to proliferate
31
Q

LH effects in females

A 
Theca cells
-> theca interna stimulation 
-> oestrogen
-> inhibin -> FSH release suppressed 
Maintains corpus lutem
32
Q

LH surge effects in females

A

ovulation

theca externa’s collagen breaks down and ovum is released

33
Q

Oestrogen effects in females

A

endometrial thickening
myometrium stimulation and activation (contractions)
thin, alkaline mucus (sperm sticks)

34
Q

Progesterone effects in females

A

acts on cells that have been exposed to oestrogen
endometrium dev. into secretory form
myometrium thickening and loss of motality
thick, acid mucus (mucus cap formed)
mammary tissue changes

35
Q

Pre-menopause changes

A 
follicular phase shorthens 
-> ovulation early or absent
less oestrogen secreted 
LH and FSH increase (FSH more)
reduced fertility
36
Q

Effects of menopause

A 
vascular changes
-> hot flushes 
oestrogen sensitive tissues 
-> regression of endometrium and myometrium 
-> thinning of cervix
bone 
-> increased reabsorption
37
Q

Testis structure

A

consist of seminiferous tubules
tunica albuginea and tunica vasculosa
leydig cells -> testosterone

38
Q

Function of leydig cells

A

testosterone secretion

39
Q

Germ cells at different stages of development

A

spermatogonia
spermatocytes
spermatids

40
Q

Testis: nursing cells

A

Sertoli cells

41
Q

What is epididymis formed of?

A

Rete testis- seminiferous tubules

they merge together to form epididymis

42
Q

Epididymis function

A

first part: absorptive function
- digestion of the residual bodies lost from sperm during maturation
epithelial cells- secretory func.
- proteins which contribute to sperm maturation

43
Q

Epididymis continues as…

A

vas deferens

44
Q

Vas deferens function

A

transport of germ cells from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct

45
Q

Seminal vesicle: what is it?

A

outgrowths of ductus defers

coiled gubulocacular glands

46
Q

Seminal vesicle: function

A

secretes fluid which forms bulk of the ejaculate

not storage site for sperm

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