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religion 111 > ISLAM EXAM III > Flashcards

ISLAM EXAM III Flashcards

1
Q

Muhammad (also spelled Mohammad)

A

received down revelation through Angel Gabriel

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2
Q

Qur’an (Koran)

A

The holy book of islam. Contains all of Muhammad’s teachings and encounters with God’s holy people.

means “a reading or reciting

Quran is from Allah both in its wording and in its meaning,

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3
Q

In what century and where did Islam begin?

A

The origin of Islam can be traced back to 7th century Saudi Arabia

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4
Q

Who are the first two human beings for Muslims?

A

Adam and Eve

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5
Q

Prophets (name some of them)

A 
Adam
Idris (Enoch)
Nuh (Noah)
Hud (Heber)
Salih (Methusaleh)
Lut (Lot)
Ibrahim (Abraham)
Ismail (Ishmael)
Ishaq (Isaac)
Yaqub (Jacob)
Yusuf (Joseph)
Shu’aib (Jethro)
Ayyub (Job)
Dhulkifl (Ezekiel)
Musa (Moses)
Harun (Aaron)
Dawud (David)
Sulayman (Solomon)
Ilias (Elias)
Alyasa (Elisha)
Yunus (Jonah)
Zakariya (Zachariah)
Yahya (John the Baptist)
Isa (Jesus)
Muhammad
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6
Q

Meaning of “Islam”

A

submission

Peace to God OR Surrender to God

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7
Q

Who was the first human being to submit to God, according to Islam?

A

Adam

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8
Q

Which of Abraham’s sons is nearly sacrificed in the Muslim version of the story?

A

Ishmael

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9
Q

Ka’bah (what and where is it?)

A

small shrine located near the centre of the Great Mosque in Mecca and considered by Muslims everywhere to be the most sacred spot on Earth.

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10
Q

The “seal” of the prophets means what?

A

= the last prophet

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11
Q

Al-Jahiliyyah

A

= The Age of Ignorance (before Islam appeared)

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12
Q

What kind of religion existed in pre-Islamic Arabia?

A

Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia was a mix of polytheism, Christianity, Judaism, and Iranian religions.

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13
Q

Allah means _____ ?

A

The Aramaic word for “God”

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14
Q

Where and through whom was the first prophetic revelation to Muhammad?

A

Taking place in 610 AD, during which the prophet Muhammad was visited by the archangel Gabriel, who revealed to him the beginnings of what would later become the Holy Quran. The event took place in a cave called Hira, located on the mountain Jabal an-Nour, near Mecca.

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15
Q

What teachings in the revelations angered many Meccans? (ASK CARR)

A

he believed that instead of many Gods, there was only one God, Allah, that should be worshiped

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16
Q

Khadija

A

a wealthy widow who became the first wife of prophet Muhammad; great encourager and first follower in establishment of Islam

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17
Q

Unity of Arabia beyond _______ and ________

A

Blood Kinship & across tribal lines

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18
Q

Do Muslims worship Muhammad as Christians worship Jesus?

A

Muslims strive to follow the great example of Muhammad, peace be upon him, but they do not worship him in any way. Additionally, Islam teaches Muslims to respect all of God’s prophets and messengers - but respecting and loving them does not mean worshipping them.

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19
Q

Mecca and Medina: why is each city important for Muslims?

A

The most sacred place in Islam is the Ka’ba in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. The Ka’ba is a mosque (built by Abraham according to Muslim tradition) constructed around a black stone. The prophet Muhammad designated Mecca as the holy city of Islam and the direction (qibla) in which all Muslims should offer their prayers.

Medina is the second holiest site in Islam. “Medina” means the “City of the Prophet,” is in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia. It was to Medina city that Muhammad fled when he was initially driven out of Mecca, and the place where he attracted his first followers. Medina currently has a population of about 600,000 people and is the home of “The Prophet’s Mosque.”

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20
Q

Hijra: What was it, and when did it happen?

A

Muhammad’s forst journey; marks the beginning of Muslim history (622 CE)

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21
Q

What is year 1 in the Muslim calendar, and why? (ASK CARR)

A

The first day of the first month of the Islamic calendar was set to the first new moon after the day the Prophet moved from Quba’ to Medina

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22
Q

Umma (or ummah)

A

Ummah is an Arabic word meaning “community”. It is distinguished from Sha’b which means a nation with common ancestry or geography. Thus, it can be said to be a supra-national community with a common history.

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23
Q

Mosque (or masjid)

A

is the English name for a place of Muslim worship, equivalent to a church, synagogue or temple in other faiths. The Arabic term for this house of Muslim worship is “masjid,” which literally means “place of prostration” (in prayer). Mosques are also known as Islamic centers, Islamic community centers or Muslim community centers. During Ramadan, Muslims spend a lot of time at the masjid, or mosque, for special prayers and community events.

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24
Q

Muslim beliefs about Jesus (was he the Messiah? crucified? born of the virgin Mary?)

A

Muslims believe in that fact jesus is prophet & that he will come to earth on judgment day. They also believe that Jesus was never crucified.

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25
Q

Basic facts about the Qur’an

A

The Quran is the most important book in Islam. It contains the teachings and story of the chief prophet of Islam, Muhammad.

Muslims believe the Quran to be a flawless record of the angel Gabriel’s revelations to Muhammad from 610 until his death in 632 AD.

The Quran’s name is derived from the Gabriel’s initial command to Muhammad to “Recite!”

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26
Q

Shahadah (memorize this Muslim confession of faith in English—it’s one sentence)

A

“There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is his messenger”

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27
Q

The greatest sin: shirk (what does it mean?)

A

worst sin = shirk- someone who doesn’t believe in God (idolatry)

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28
Q

The oneness of God (tawhid) implies the _____ and _______ of creation and the unity of knowledge

A

unity and dignity

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29
Q

Muslim views of God,

A

The Quran’s description of Allah, Islam’s supreme being, creates two insoluble contradictions: he is unknowable but we can know him; and he is merciful, but he has no just cause for his mercy.

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30
Q

Muslim views of human nature

A

Always have free will

Servants of God

Humans are not made in God’s Image

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31
Q

kaliph (or caliph): what a human being is

A

= steward of creation

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32
Q

prophets are known as

A

perfect human beings (but never divine)

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33
Q

judgment day:

A

reward or punishment (paradise and hell; hell is not necessarily permanent)

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34
Q

iman

A

faith submission to God

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35
Q

forced ________ are forbidden in the Qur’an; free choice only

A

conversions

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36
Q

jihad: what is the difference between inner (greater) and outer (lesser) forms of it?

A

Greater jihad- Struggle to personal conform to God Ways



Lesser Jihad- military defensive as the faith when under attack

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37
Q

Themes in selections from Surah 2 (The Cow) (ASK CARR)

A

The covenant

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38
Q

Meaning of Sunnah

A

The Body of tradition of Mohammad

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39
Q

Meaning of hadith

A

Something said or an act by Mohammad

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40
Q

Six pillars of faith or belief (handout)

A
  1. Unity of God: There is only One God
  2. Angels: Are messengers of God
  3. Prophets: Receive revelation from God through the Angels
  4. Scriptures: Brought as revelations from God through the angels
  5. Judgment Day: all human beings will be resurrected on the last day, and judged according to their deeds, leading to heaven or hell
  6. Divine Decree or Predestination: God alone decides the ultimate fate of each human being
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41
Q

sunna(h) and hadith (define them and their relationship to one another)

A

Sunna - the example of Muhammad

hadith - accounts of Muhammad’s words or actions that are accepted as having authority for Muslims

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42
Q

Why do Muslim festivals like Ramadan fall in different seasons from year to year?

A

Ramadan comes at a different time every year because it is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, a date-keeping system based on lunar cycles, unlike the Gregorian calendar (the one used by most of the world, including the U.S.), which is based on the solar year.

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43
Q

What is the day of the week Muslims traditionally gather for congregational prayer?

A

Friday is a very important day for Muslims. It is more significant and more beneficial than any other day of the week. It is the day that Muslims gather together to pray in congregation. Directly before the prayer they listen to a lecture designed to empower them with valuable knowledge about God, and the religion of Islam. It is a blessed day that has been designated as such by God, Almighty; no other day of the week shares its virtues.

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44
Q

‘id (or Eid)

‘id al-fitr

A

‘id (or Eid) = feast; ‘id al-fitr = feast of fast-breaking after Ramadan is over

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45
Q

Shi’ite ritual of Ashura (10th of Muharram) recalls what tragedy?

A

where they commemorate the death of Hussein ibn Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad. One of the central figures in the Shi’ite denomination, Hussein was beheaded in the Battle of Karbala in the year 680, and his martyrdom was a defining event in the split between Sunnis and Shi’ites.

46
Q

Khitan

A

male circumcision

47
Q

views on birth control and abortion

A

In verses forbidding infanticide, the Qur’an warns Muslims, “Do not kill your children for fear of want.” “We provide sustenance for them and for you”

most conservative scholars prohibit birth control in all instances.

48
Q

Why is art with abstract designs & geometric patterns used?

A

are created to lead the viewer to an understanding of the underlying reality, rather than being mere decoration, as writers interested only in pattern sometimes imply

49
Q

What’s the number of names for God?

A

99 names for God in the Qur’an

50
Q

What is a mihrab?

A

Mihrab (Arabic: محراب‎ miḥrāb, pl. محاريب maḥārīb) is a semicircular niche in the wall of a mosque that indicates the qibla; that is, the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca and hence the direction that Muslims should face when praying. The wall in which a mihrab appears is thus the “qibla wall”.

51
Q

imam

A

Islamic worship leader (prayer leader; this is in addition to the special meaning the term has regarding the 5, 7, or 12 imams in the Shia tradition)

52
Q

fatwa

A

a legal opinion on a topic, issued by an Islamic scholar (not binding); compare to Jewish responsa

53
Q

four steps in Sharia reasoning

A

two are revelatory, coming from Allah, and include the two core sources, the Qur’ān, Islam’s holy book, and the Sunnah (the practice and teachings of the Prophet Muhammad (s)); and two are based in rational endeavor, consensus (ijma) and analogical juristic reasoning (qiyās).

54
Q

Sharia

A

as a humanizing force and guide for life

55
Q

five categories of acts in Islamic law

A
  1. Obligatory (Fard): It is what Islamic law imposes on man, without any doubt, such as the obligation of prayer, of fasting, of Zakah (annual obligatory charity that the rich gives to the poor).
  2. Preferable (Mustahab): They are the actions that the Islamic law encourages people to do without having made them obligatory.
  3. Permissible (Μubah): They are the acts which neither whoever does is rewarded nor the one who neglects is punished, such as walking, using the car or an airplane and any other of the daily actions.
  4. Repugnant (Makrooh): They are acts abstinence from which is encouraged by the Islamic Law, but there is no prohibition on them.
  5. Forbidden (Haram): They are the actions the Islamic Law forbids.
56
Q

divorce

A

is not a sin, but the most detestable of permitted things

57
Q

what is usury?

A

Unjustified increment in borrowing or lending money, paid in kind or in money above the amount of loan, as a condition imposed by the lender or voluntarily by the borrower.

58
Q

Halal vs. haram

A

The term Halal means lawful and it refers to any meat that Muslims can eat, while Haram is any meat that is forbidden for them. … For instance Muslims cannot eat the meat of certain animals like pig; it is Haram for them.

59
Q

Harm (forbidden) foods

A

pork, alcohol
.

60
Q

Shi’ites vs. Sunni Muslims: over what issue did this split occur?

A

The split goes back to events in the 7th century:

After Mohammed’s death in 632, leadership of the Islamic community passed to Abu Bakr as-Siddiq, one of Mohammed’s closest companions. Some in the community felt that this succession was not legitimate, and that the title of caliph really belonged to Ali ibn Abi Talib. Ali’s claim was supported by the fact that he was Mohammed’s cousin, his adopted son, his first convert (at the age of nine), and husband of his daughter Fatima. Both sides believe that Mohammed specifically designated their man: Supporters of Abu became the Sunnis, those of ibn Ali the Shiites.

61
Q

• imam: what is it? How many imams do most Shi’ites believe there were?

A

First in the rows; person who leads weekly prayers; may be schooler of religion. 12 Imam

62
Q

• What happened to the 12th imam?

A

“12th Imam” (Islamic religious leader), born in 868 A.D., was placed by God into hiding until the day of judgment.

63
Q

What are the first two muslim dynasties?

A

Umayyad and the Abbasid

64
Q

What was the capital of the Abbasid dynasty?

A

Baghdad (a capital destroyed by the Mongolians in 1258)

65
Q

• Know the general locations of the Safavid, Mughal, and Ottoman Empires (note: the Ottoman Empire was widespread, but it had a base in what we now call Turkey)


A

Safavid - Iran
Mughal - India
Ottoman Empires - Turkish

66
Q

• What is Shari’a (or Shari’ah)? What does it resemble in Judaism? (ask carr)

A

the fundamental religious concept of Islam, namely its law, systematized during the 2nd and 3rd centuries of the Muslim era

67
Q

• Sufism (Islamic mysticism): what’s the origin of the word ‘Sufi’?

A

.Sufism or which is often defined as “Islamic mysticism”, “the inward dimension of Islam”, or “the phenomenon of mysticism within Islam”, is a mystical trend in Islam “characterized … [by particular] values, ritual practices, doctrines and institutions”, which began very early in Islamic history and represented “the main manifestation and the most important and central crystallization of” mystical practice in Islam.

68
Q

The specific concerns that motivate extremist acts of violence may be widely shared, even though most religious persons don’t engage in violence

A

The specific concerns that motivate extremist acts of violence may be widely shared, even though most religious persons don’t engage in violence

69
Q

Religious texts and traditions can be appealed to in the name of _____ or of ______

A

peace or of violence

70
Q

Likewise some Christian groups seek biblically-based government laws and a form of “_______” or rule by religious leaders or under religious guidelines


A

theocracy,

71
Q

What is an “Islamist?

A

an advocate or supporter of Islamic militancy or fundamentalism.

72
Q

Muslim views of sin

A

No original sin (we can live sin free)

What makes us vulnerable to sin?
forgetfulness 
forgiveness
OR Negligences

worst sin = shirk- someone who doesn’t believe in God (idolatry)

73
Q

Muslim views of sin

A

No original sin (we can live sin free)

What makes us vulnerable to sin?
forgetfulness 
forgiveness
OR Negligences

worst sin = shirk- someone who doesn’t believe in God (idolatry)

74
Q

What did Sufis seek?

A

Sufism, mystical Islamic belief and practice in which Muslims seek to find the truth of divine love and knowledge through direct personal experience of God.

75
Q

What is a “secular Muslim”?

A

A secular Muslim is not a Muslim who has abandoned their religion. Rather, it is a Muslim who wants to create a secular government, and not one ruled by Islamic law.

76
Q

What are issues that affect women in all three religions? (ASK CARR)

A

They can NOT be religious leaders

77
Q

What is an agunah?

A

is a halachic term for a Jewish woman who is “chained” to her marriage. The classic case of this is a man who has left on a journey and has not returned, or has gone into battle and is MIA.

78
Q

exclusivism

A

Only my religion is true and superior.

79
Q

inclusivism

A

Focus on similarities of other Religions to yours.

80
Q

pluralism

A

Truth is larger than anything that religion can grasp

81
Q

Aisha

A

-Was one of Muhammad’s wives
-Known of the Mother of Believers
Aisha is thought to be scholarly and inquisitive.
-Spread of Muhammad’s message and served the Muslim community for 44 years

82
Q

Fatima

A

Daughter of the prophet Muhammad; wife of Ali the first Imam

83
Q

Muslims views on Creation

A

teaches a six-day creation. Adam and Eve were created in innocent perfection and placed in a beautiful garden. Here Satan tempted them to rebel against God by eating the forbidden fruit, thus incurring God’s wrath and judgment, and expulsion from the Garden.

(UNSURE ASK CARR)

84
Q

Which Jewish denominations ordain women as rabbis?

A

Reform Judaism
Conservative Judaism
Reconstructionist Judaism

85
Q

Know which Christian denominations and branches of Judaism are now making a place for blessing same-sex unions and for ordaining persons in same-sex relationships

A

United Church of Christ

Episcopal Church

ELCA = Evangelical

Lutheran Church of America

Presbyterian Church, USA

Some areas of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)

Community of Christ/Reorganized Latter-Day-Saints

Reform Judaism
Conservative Judaism
Reconstructionist Judaism

86
Q

Only one of the three monotheistic religions has any scriptural verses that directly condemn lesbian sex (although the oldest interpretation of this verse says that it’s really opposing women being on top during heterosexual sex). Which religion is it?


A

no verses in the Hebrew Bible oppose lesbian sex

87
Q

Why was a new prophet needed in the time of Muhammad?

A

the helpers feel like they were treated unfairly. Polyethesticism was a problem. Society that was based on revenge and values… [reformations]


88
Q

Muslims views on humankind

A



they don’t need a savior

who we are / who we aren’t



Mulisms do not believe we are made in

God’s image


They reject sin (God can forgive)



God doesn’t rest on the 7th day

89
Q

What are humans free from, and free for, by acknowledging God’s oneness and power?

A

if you’re a slave to God you’re not slave to anyone else 

It’s freeing 

If God’s your master no one else your master

90
Q

Muhammad’s night flight to Jerusalem (what did he witness there?)

A

he rode his horse

Chatting with the old prophets 

Visonary experience 

He lobby it prayers less then 50 prayers

91
Q

Why did pre-Islamic tribes make an annual pilgrimage to Mecca?


A

Had Shrines worshiped 300 detities

92
Q

What did medieval Muslim theologians debate regarding the Qur’an?

A

whether the quran is divine or created


93
Q

How do Jews, Christians and Muslims who support same-sex relationships interprets the texts that seem to oppose same sex behavior and make a case theologically for supporting same sex relationships?

(Short Essays)

A

abomination of masterbuation because of leaking semen (if you’re not using it to make kids and wasting it, that’s real bad)

hierarchy seems to be the problem with sex

No where it says in the jewish bible that prohibits lesbian sex

94
Q

Why are Sufis controversial to some Muslims?

A

master to disciple

when idolatry becomes a sin

you’re making something that is not God.

You’re looking up to someone dead which is affecting the relationship with God.

95
Q

Sheikh

A

of Sufism is a Sufi who is authorized to teach, initiate and guide aspiring dervishes in the islamic faith.

96
Q

Qur’anic themes

A

set of ideals, based off respect, God sees everything, judgement day, hertiage, a lots of laws,

97
Q

Qur’anic themes

A

set of ideals, based off respect, God sees everything, judgement day, heritage, a lots of laws,

98
Q

What were some of the tribal-related social problems in pre-Islamic Arabia?

A

age of ignorance

Killing someone in battle is so great

Polytheism

99
Q

How Western colonialism & rise militarism affect islam

A

fighting about boundaries/borders
Power struggle
islamic groups have different views on modernity
Military dictatorship

100
Q

What branch of islam allows temporary marriage??

A

Shi’ite

101
Q

Do Muslims permit images for God? Why or why not?

A

Muslims tradition strictly prohibit the use images or pictures of God because God is not like anything else (of the created realm, God is looked as beyond and above all). Even words or verbal that compares God with anything are to be avoided. “God is greater!”

102
Q

What is one unique feature about the Muslim story of creation—something not shared with Jews and Christians?

A

In the Quran it speaks of God creating the world in six days, but there’s no day to day narrative like in Genesis 1. Also the idea of God resting on the 7th day is avoided.

103
Q

What is one unique feature of Muslim views of humankind—something not shared with either Jews or Christians?

A

Nowhere in the Quaran it mentions that humans were made in the image of God; Only states that God breathes the spirit into humans providing the breath of life.

104
Q

What feature of human existence makes us vulnerable to sin?

A

In the paragraph “Guidance on the Straight Path” it says that humans are imperfect and the evidence is in forgetfulness and negligence.

& in Negligence and Unbelief it mentions that there is no idea of fundamentally sinful human in nature and what lies human sin is what I mentioned above.

105
Q

Describe a few (three or more) things you learned about Muslim history from the 7th century up to the present day. Cover historical events or movements from three different centuries within this time period.

A

The first caliph was Abu Bakr (Muhammad’s trusted friend, father in law, one of first to convert to Islam). He was Caliph from 632 to 634 C.E

The Ab
basid Dynasty was considered the golden age of Islam because of the multicultural and international, and scholarship, literature, and the arts flourished like never before. Also a library was built in Baghdad where scholars translated Greek & Syriac words to Arabic. In the long run, this helped muslims learn about aristotle and plato; learning human will and divine power.

Major split happened in the classical period between Shi‘ites and the Sunnites. Rather than allowing Ali to pass over the next three Caliphs, the Shi‘ites believed that the successors should of been from the “people of the house” (Muhammad’s house)..

106
Q

What is one connection you notice between Muslim history and Jewish and/or Christian history?

A

The Turks Tried to take over Iran and Iraq from the muslims as like they did when they tried to do the same to the Christians in Palestine.

107
Q

Briefly compare a Muslim ritual to a similar Jewish and/or Christian ritual. How are they similar? How do they differ?

A

The ritual that is similar to a Christian Ritual would be The Pillar of Fasting (Sawm). I would compare it to Lent because Christians also fast during that time. For them, it’s one month and for Christians, it’s 40 days (10 days more). They fast during daylight hours whereas Christians can’t eat certain foods on certain days (Ex: Friday you can’t eat meat. In the text of Ludwig, it mentions it being a time of “intense spiritual discipline for muslims”; It’s the same thing for Christians as well. Not only it’s not eating certain foods or drinks, but they also steer away from evil thoughts. For Christians, they can elect one thing they want to give one thing for lent. One time, my mom took all my electronics for Lent hahaha.

108
Q

Which branch of Islam allows temporary marriage contracts (which in effect allow a form of dating)?

A

The branch of the Shilites have the ideal of temporary marriage (a limited time marriage that is documented in a contract with dates)

109
Q

According to Reading B (“The Sharia Muslim Americans Live”), what is Sharia about for most Muslim Americans? How does this contrast with common misperceptions about Sharia by many non-Muslims?

A

Muslim Americans don’t practice these laws since they deal with the government and the state; Sharia says that the society should implemented by state. Many see it as a threat, but it’s not. Muslims practice Sharia to preserve life and order in society, not in incarceration and punishment.

110
Q

What parallels do you notice between the life of Muhammad and the life of Jesus? Be specific, drawing on details from the life story of Muslim as Ludwig describes it.

A

Just like Jesus, Muhammad taught himself to be respectful, honest and to have morals at a young age. Like jesus, he worked as well (he worked for a wealthy widow who had a caravan company). He tended and help the ones who were sick just as Jesus heal the sick. Muhammad was respected and was seen as the “trusted” one just as a lot of people follow Jesus and respected him. Muhammad had 40 followers just as Jesus had 12 disciples. People would get mad at Muhammad for his teachings, but he wouldn’t let that affect him, he continued to teach the teachings of God just how Jesus continue to do his acts even though people thought he was wrong. The people wanted Muhammad to show proof that he was prophet like how people wanted Jesus to give proof that he was the son of God.

111
Q

Why did the early Muslim community move from Mecca to Medina?

A

To follow Muhammad. Muhammad went to Medina to preach because in the city of Ta’ he was also treated bad. But at the time there, Muhammad a religious fair which is when 6 men from Medina were impressed and personally liked. (also because he was treated poorly in Mecca); It was not safe to preach in Mecca.

religion 111 (3 decks)

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