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SEMESTER 2 EXAMS > CLINICAL > Flashcards

CLINICAL Flashcards

1
Q

What constitutes a legal document

A 
Black pen
Legible
Date
Time
Nursing entry
Signed (name, designation)
Students must be countersigned 
Errors have single line
Accurate
Correct abbreviations
Correct notes
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2
Q

SOAP

A

Subjective data (patients POV)
Objective data (measurable)
Assessment (problem)
Plan

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3
Q

ISOBAR

A

Identification (you,team leader, patient)
Situation (reason for admission)
Observation (vitals)
Background (relevant history)
Assessment (current issues/problems)
Recommendations (where to from here, expected discharge date, further actions)

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4
Q

Therapeutic effect

A

Desired or intended effect of the drug

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5
Q

Adverse effect

A

Unexpected, more severe effect of the drug

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6
Q

Side effect

A

Secondary effect of he drug, usually predictable

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7
Q

Peak plasma level

A

Highest concentration of a substance in the blood

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8
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

The study in which the way drugs move through the body during absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion.
(What the body does to the drug)

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9
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

The effect that the drug has on the body (what the drug does to the body)

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10
Q

Cumulative effect

A

The increasing response to repeated doses of a drug that occurs when the rate of administration exceeds he rate of metabolism or excretion

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11
Q

Generic drug name

A

A drug name that isn’t protected by a trademark and usually describes the chemical structure of the drug

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12
Q

Chemical drug name

A

The name by which a chemist knows a drug, describes the constituents of the drug precisely

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13
Q

Trade drug name

A

Name given to a drug by the manufacturer

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14
Q

Absorption

A

The process by which a drug passed onto the blood stream

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15
Q

Metabolism

A

The process by which the body breaks down and converts medications into active substances

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16
Q

Excretion

A

The process by which a drug is eliminated from the body

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17
Q

Distribution

A

The transportation of a drug from its site of absorption to its site of action

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18
Q 
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S9
S10
A 
2-pharmacy med
3-pharmacist only med
4-prescription only med
5-caution
6-poison
9-prohibited substance
10-such danger to health as warrant prohibition of sale, supply and use
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19
Q

What to do if you make a medication error

A

Check your person
Notify RN
Document

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20
Q

The routes of enteral medication administration

A 
Oral
Sublingual
Buccal
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy 
Nasogastric tube
Inhalation
Per vaginal
Per rectal
Skin
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21
Q

What mess can be administered via PEG and NG

A

Liquid mess
Dissolvable meds
Meds that are not enteric coated
Meds that are not slow/moderate release

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22
Q 
BD
TDS
QID
MANE
NOCTE
POST PRANDIAL
PRE PRANDIAL
A 
BD - twice a day
TDS-three times a day
QID-four times a day
Mane- morning 
NOCTE- night
OD- once daily
Post PRANDIAL- after food
Pre PRANDIAL-before food
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23
Q

7 points for a valid medication order

A 
Right person 
Right drug
Right dose
Right date/time
Right frequency 
Doctor signature 
Right route
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24
Q

6 rights of medication administration

A 
Right person
Right dose
Right time
Right documentation
Right medication 
Right route
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25
Q

4 extra rights

A

Right to refuse
Right education
Right reason
Right response

26
Q

Fluid volume deficit

A

Not enough fluid

27
Q

Hypovolemia

A

Dehydration

28
Q

Isotonic

A

Loss of water and electrolytes

Water in equal proportions

29
Q

Hypertonic

A

Loss of more water than electrolytes

30
Q

Hypotonic

A

Loss of more electrolytes than water

31
Q

Hypervolemia

A

Fluid overload

32
Q

Third spacing

A

When fluid shifts from the vascular space to an area that is not ready accessible

33
Q

Clinical signs of FVD

A 
Tachycardia
Hypotension
Lethargy 
Dry mucous membrane
Poor skin turgor
34
Q

Clinical signs of FVE

A 
Tachycardia
Hypertension
Cough;crackles;SOB
Distended jugular vein 
Restlessness
35
Q

Clinical signs of third spacing

A

Tachycardia
Hypotension
Cough;crackles SOB
Peripheral oedema

36
Q

Isotonic solutions

A

NaCl 0.9

Hartmanns

37
Q

Hypotonic solutions

A

NaCl 0.45%

38
Q

Hypertonic solutions

A

5% dext
0.9% NaCl
3% NaCl

39
Q

Extra cellular fluid (ECF)

A

Plasma; interstitial fluid and lymph/transcellular fluid

Electrolytes; bicarbonate; sodium; chloride

Plasma and interstitial fluid have the same electrolytes but plasma is a protein rich fluid and interstitial fluid contains little or no protein

40
Q

Intercellular fluid (ICF)

A

Found within cells

Potassium and magnesium

41
Q

Who is at risk of fluid imbalance?

A

Infants - they cannot express thirst or seek fluids; they have immature kidneys, cannot concentrate urine as well; larger total body surface area which increases insensible losses through skin and respirations

Elderly- decrease in thirst sensation; decrease in the kidneys, ability to concentrate urine; decrease in response to hormones that regulate fluid and electrolytes; increased use of diuretics

42
Q

Oedema

A

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressures to due FVE

43
Q

Assessing oedema and interventions

A 
1+ barely detectable
2+ 2-4mm
3+ 5-7mm
Interventions
Elevate limb 
Mobilise
44
Q

Normal urine output

A

0.5 ml/kg/hr

45
Q

How often do you monitor PIVC?

How often do you change PIVC?

Why do we prime an IV?

A

Every hour

Every 48-72 hours

Prevents air embolism

46
Q

What do you asses for an IVT?

A

Correct fluid
Infusing rate
Iv line
PIVC - insertion date, what it looks like

47
Q

Infiltration

Signs and symptoms

Nursing action

A

When Iv fluids leak into the surround tissues

Painful, feels right, swollen, cool to touch

Stop infusion, notify RN, remove IVC, document

48
Q

Phlebitis

Signs and symptoms

Nursing action

A

Inflammation of the walls of the vein

Painful, reddened area, warm to touch

Stop infusion; notify RN; remove IVC; document

49
Q

RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM

A

Dehydration occurs
Decrease in BP sensed by the kidneys
Renin is secreted by the kidney
Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
Adrenal cortex is simulation to release aldosterone and vasoconstrict blood vessels =increased BP
Aldosterone acts on kidneys to increase sodium reabsorption
Urine volume decreases

50
Q

Assessing level of consciousness is done by

A

Eye response
Verbal response
Motor response

51
Q

The reticular activating system

A

Responsible for maintaining consciousness
Function of the brain stem
When the patient opens their eyes when you their name, it indicated their RAS is functioning

52
Q

Awareness

A

The ability to perceive environmental stimuli and respond appropriately though thought and action

53
Q

Obtundation

A

Arousable with stimulation, verbal responses limited to 1-2 words, can follow simple commands, otherwise appears drowsy
Responds to painful stimuli appropriately

54
Q

Stupor

A

Lies quietly with minimum spontaneous movement; generally unresponsive except to vigorous and repeated stimuli; incomprehensible sounds; responded appropriately to painful stimuli

55
Q

CNIII oculamotor nerve
VI abducens
IV trochlear

A

Position of eyelid, pupil size, shape, reactivity, gaze, consensual reflex)

Controls outward ocular movement

Controls inward movement of the eyes

56
Q

Nystagmus

A

Involuntary movement of the eye

57
Q

Diplopia

A

Double vision

58
Q

Aniscoria

A

Unequal pupils, normal in 17% of population to the eyes due to exposure to light

59
Q

Photophobia

A

Experience of pain or discomfort to the eyes due to exposure to light

60
Q

Consensual reflex

A

When a torch is shone into one eye, the contralateral pupil also constricts (NORMAL)

61
Q

Dysphobia

A

Difficulty putting words together of difficulty comprehending speech, reading, writing

SEMESTER 2 EXAMS (11 decks)

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