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Psycho 104 > Chapter 5(text) > Flashcards

Chapter 5(text) Flashcards

1
Q

Synaesthesia

A

A condition in which stimuli are experienced not only in the normal sensory modality, but in others as well. Example: experienced tastes or sounds as colours

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2
Q

Transduction

A

The language of nerve impulses

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3
Q

Feature detectors

A

Specialized neurones that break down and analyze the specific features of stimuli

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4
Q

Sensation to perception

A
  1. Stimulus is received by sensory receptors
  2. Receptors translate stimulus properties into nerve impulses (transduction)
  3. Feature detectors analyze stimulus features
  4. Stimulus features are reconstructed into neural representation
  5. Neural representation is compared with previously stored information in brain
  6. Matching process results in recognition and interpretation of stimuli
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5
Q

Sensation

A

The process by which stimuli are detected, transduced into nerve impulses, and sent to the brain

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6
Q

Perception

A

The process of organizing stimulus input and giving it meaning

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7
Q

Psynchophysics

A

The study of relations between the physical characteristics of stimuli and the sensory experiences they evoke

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8
Q

Absolute threshold

A

The lowest intensity at which a stimulus can be detected correctly 50 percent of the time

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9
Q

Subliminal stimulus

A

A stimulus that is received by the senses but not perceived consciously

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10
Q

Decision criterion

A

In signal detection theory, the potential changing standard of how certain a person must be that a stimulus is present in order to report its presence

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11
Q

Signal detection theory

A

A theory that assumes that stimulus detection is not based on a fixed absolute threshold but rather is affected by rewards, punishments, expectations, and motivational factors

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12
Q

Weber’s law

A

The principle that to perceive a difference between two stimuli, the stimuli must differ by a constant percentage or ratio

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13
Q

Lens

A

The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes its shape to focus images on the retina

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14
Q

Retina

A

The light-sensitive back surface of the eye that contains the visual receptors

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15
Q

Myopia

A

A visual defect, sometimes called nearsightedness, in which the lens focuses distant images in front of the retina rather that on it

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16
Q

Hyperopia

A

A visual deficit sometimes called farsightedness in which the lens focuses the image behind the retina, reducing acuity for nearby objects

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17
Q

What part of the eye contains rods and cones?

A

Retina

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18
Q

Which cells contribute the most to blind spots?

A

Ganglion cells

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19
Q

Photopigments are involved in…

A

Translating light waves by wave of protein molecules

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20
Q

Trichromatic theory

A

The colour vision theory originally advanced by Young and Helmholtz that there are three types of colour receptors in the retina and that combinations of activation of these receptors can produce perception of any hue in the visible spectrum

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21
Q

Opponent-process theory

A

The theory proposed by Hering that the retina contains three sets of colour receptors that respond differentials to red-green, blue-yellow, black-white; the opponent proceeded that result can produce a perception of any hue

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22
Q

Dual-process theory

A

The modern colour vision theory that posits cones that are sensitive to red, blue and green, and opponent processes at the level of ganglion cells and beyond

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23
Q

The technical measure of cycles per second or frequency of sound waves is

A

Hertz

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24
Q

The perceptual interpretation of frequency of a sound is called:

A

Pitch

25
Q

Amplitude

A

Vertical size of a sound wave is referred to as

26
Q

Visual association cortex

A

Cortical areas in the occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes that analyze visual stimuli sent to the primary visual cortex in relation to stored knowledge and that establish the “meaning” of the stimuli

27
Q

Parallel processing

A

Our ability to use our senses to take in a variety of information about an object and construct a unified image of its properties

28
Q

Audition

A

The stimuli for our sense of hearing are sound waves, a form of mechanical energy. What we call sound is actually pressure waves in air, water, or some other conducting medium.

29
Q

Two characteristics of sound waves

A

Frequency and amplitude

30
Q

Frequency

A

The number of sound waves, or cycles, per second. Measured in Hertz. Related to pitch, higher frequency equates to a higher pitch

31
Q

Amplitude

A

Refers to vertical sound waves — the amount of compression and expansion of the molecules in the conducting medium. Determinant of loudness, measured in decibels

32
Q

Decibels

A

A measure of the physical pressures that occur at the eardrum,

33
Q

The absolute threshold for hearing is arbitrarily designated as

A

0 decibels, and each increase of 10 decibels represents a tenfold increase in loudness

34
Q

The cochlea, the Silat membrane, and the organ of Corfu are located in the

A

Inner ear

35
Q

Cochlea

A

A small coiled-shaped structure of the inner ear that contains the receptors for sound

36
Q

Basilar membrane

A

A membrane that runs the length of the cochlea and contains the organ of Corti and its sound receptor hair cells

37
Q

Organ if Corti

A

Structure embedded in the basilar membrane that contains the hair receptors for sound

38
Q

When sound waves strike the eardrum what happens?

A

Pressure created at the oval window by the hammer, anvil and stirrup of the middle ear sets the fluid inside the cochlea into motion. The fluid waves result vibrate the basilar membrane and the membrane above it, causing a bending of the hair cells in the organ of Corti. This bending of the hair cells triggers a release of neurotransmitter substance into the synaptic space between the hair cells and the neuroma I the auditory nerve, resulting in nerve impulses that are sent to the brain

39
Q

Frequency theory

A

The theory of pitch perception that holds that the number of nerve impulses sent to the brain by the hair cells of the cochlea corresponds to the frequency of the sound wave; this theory is accurate at low frequencies

40
Q

Conduction deafness

A

Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

41
Q

Nerve deafness

A

Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlear receptor cells or the auditory nerve

42
Q

What can cause nerve deafness?

A

Aging and disease

Exposure to loud sounds

43
Q

Umami

A

The taste sensation that increases the intensity of other taste qualities. This sensory response is activated by certain proteins, as well as by monosodium glutamate, a substance used by some restaurants for flavour enhancement

44
Q

The human tongue has approximately ______ taste buds

A

9000

45
Q

Olfactory bulb

A

A forebrain structure immediately above the nasal cavity

46
Q

What is the largest organ in the body?

A

Skin

47
Q

Primary receptors for pain and temperature are…

A

Free nerve endings, simple nerve cells beneath the skins surface that resemble the bare branches of a tree in winter

48
Q

Nerve fibres

A

Are situated at the base of hair follicles are receptors for touch and light pressure

49
Q

Free nerve endings

A

Respond to intense mechanical, thermal or chemical stimulation and the. Send nerve impulses into the spinal cord, where sensory tracts carry pain information to the brain

50
Q

Which sense gives us the ability to coordinate our body movements?

A

Kinethesis

51
Q

Pain receptors

A

Are found in all body tissues with the exception of the brain, bones hair, nails, and non living parts of the teeth

52
Q

Once in the brain, the sensory information about pain intensity and location is related by the

A

Thalamus to the somatosensory and frontal areas of the cerebral cortex

53
Q

Suffering

A

Occurs when both painful sensations and a negative emotional response are present

54
Q

Gate control theory

A

Theory that proposes that the experience of pain results from the opening and closing of “hating mechanisms” in the nervous system

55
Q

Endorphins

A

Natural opiate-like substances that are involved in pain reduction

56
Q

Kinesthesis

A

The body sense that provides feedback on the position and movement of our body parts

57
Q

Vestibular sense

A

The sense of body orientation or equilibrium

58
Q

In what import ways does the tongue contribute to gustation

A

It has tactile receptors
It has taste buds
It has temperature receptors

Psycho 104 (4 decks)

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